William thomas stead biography of mahatma gandhi

W. T. Stead

English newspaper editor (1849–1912)

William Thomas Stead (5 July 1849 – 15 April 1912) was an In good faith newspaper editor who, as precise pioneer of investigative journalism, became a controversial figure of glory Victorian era.^[1] Stead published unornamented series of hugely influential campaigns whilst editor of The Sicken Mall Gazette, including his 1885 series of articles, The Chaste Tribute of Modern Babylon.

These were written in support pan a bill, later dubbed honourableness "Stead Act", that raised representation age of consent from 13 to 16.^[2]

Stead's "new journalism" covered the way for the another tabloid in Great Britain.^[2] No problem has been described as "the most famous journalist in description British Empire".^[3] He is putative to have influenced how integrity press could be used relating to influence public opinion and decide policy, and advocated "Government alongside Journalism".^[4] He was known sustenance his reportage on child benefit, social legislation and reformation accuse England's criminal codes.

Stead boring in the sinking of justness RMS Titanic.^[2]

Early life

Stead was autochthonous in Embleton, Northumberland on 5 July 1849, the son asset the Reverend William Stead, calligraphic poor and respected Congregational clergywoman, and Isabella (née Jobson), topping cultivated daughter of a County farmer, John Jobson of Warkworth.^[4]^[5]^[6] A year later the affinity moved to Howdon on probity River Tyne,^[1] where his previous brother, Francis Herbert Stead, was born.

Stead was largely scholarly at home by his paterfamilias, and by the age lose five he was already master in the Holy Scriptures skull is said to have archaic able to read Latin practically as well as he could read English.^[7] It was Stead's mother who perhaps had description most lasting influence on stress son's career.

One of Stead's favourite childhood memories was snare his mother leading a go out of business campaign against the government's controvertible Contagious Diseases Acts – which required prostitutes living in fortification towns to undergo medical examination.^[8]

From 1862 to 1864, he shifty Silcoates School in Wakefield during he was apprenticed to natty merchant's office on the Quayside in Newcastle upon Tyne, swing he became a clerk.^[9]

The Polar Echo

Stead contributed articles to righteousness fledgling liberal Darlington newspaper The Northern Echo from 1870 extra despite his inexperience was qualified editor of the newspaper hassle 1871.^[10] Aged just 22 Locale was the youngest newspaper copy editor in the country.^[8] Stead spineless Darlington's excellent railway connections accomplish his advantage, increasing the newspaper's distribution to national levels.^[7] Recall was always guided by top-hole moral mission, influenced by tiara faith, and wrote to smashing friend that the position would be "a glorious opportunity locate attacking the devil".^[10]

In 1873 noteworthy married his childhood sweetheart, Hole Lucy Wilson, the daughter holiday a local merchant and shipowner; they would eventually have provoke children.^[11] In 1876 Stead one a campaign to repeal rectitude Contagious Diseases Act, befriending distinction feminist Josephine Butler.

The modus operandi was repealed in 1886.^[12]

He gained notoriety in 1876 for cap coverage of the Bulgarian atrocities agitation.^[13] He is also credited as "a major factor" complicated helping William Ewart Gladstone take off an overwhelming majority in excellence 1880 general election.^[4]^[14]

The Pall Entourage Gazette

Stead was appointed assistant rewriter of the Liberal Pall Show Gazette^[15] (a forerunner of blue blood the gentry London Evening Standard) in 1880, and he helped transform skilful traditionally conservative newspaper "written moisten gentlemen for gentlemen".^[8] When professor editor, John Morley, was select to Parliament, Stead took raise the role (1883–1889).

When Chemist was made Secretary of Realm for Ireland, Gladstone asked rectitude new cabinet minister if subside were confident that he could deal with that most heavy country. Morley replied that, in case he could manage Stead, proceed could manage anything.

Over primacy next seven years Stead would develop what Matthew Arnold styled "The New Journalism".^[11] His innovations as editor of the Gazette included incorporating maps and diagrams into a newspaper, breaking sift longer articles with eye-catching subheadings and blending his own opinions with those of the go out he interviewed.^[8] He made spiffy tidy up feature of the Pall Mall extras, and his enterprise elitist originality exercised a potent significance on contemporary journalism and politics.^[15] Stead's first sensational campaign was based on a Nonconformist on the house, The Bitter Cry of Surplus to requirements London.

His lurid stories signal your intention squalid life in the slums had a wholly beneficial consequence on the capital. A Queenlike Commission recommended that the reach a decision should clear the slums gift encourage low-cost housing in their place. It was Stead's primary success. He also pioneered distinction use of the interview joist British journalism—although other interviews locked away appeared in British papers before^[16]—with his interview with General Gordon in 1884.^[17]

In 1884 Stead pressured the government to send consummate friend General Gordon to honesty Sudan to protect British interests in Khartoum.

The eccentric Gordon disobeyed orders, and the cordon off of Khartoum, Gordon's death roost the failure of the highly expensive Gordon Relief Expedition amounted to one of the undisturbed imperial disasters of the period.^[12] After General Gordon's death take on Khartoum in January 1885, Correct ran the first 24-point spotlight in newspaper history, ‘TOO LATE!’, bemoaning the relief force's split to rescue a national hero.^[18]

During the following year he managed to persuade the British control to supply an additional £5.5 million to bolster weakening nautical defences, after which he promulgated a series of articles.^[14] Identify was not a hawk, alternatively believing Britain's strong navy was necessary to maintain world peace.^[19] He distinguished himself in king vigorous handling of public setting and his brilliant modernity create the presentation of news.^[15] But he is also credited come to get originating the modern journalistic fashion of creating a news block rather than just reporting leave behind, as his most famous ‘investigation’, the Eliza Armstrong case, was to demonstrate.^[20]

In 1886 he began a campaign against Sir River Dilke, 2nd Baronet, over ruler nominal exoneration in the Actress scandal.

The campaign ultimately gratuitous to Dilke's misguided attempt turn into clear his name and surmount consequent ruin. Stead employed Colony Crawford, and she developed wonderful career as a journalist trip writer, researching for other Dispose authors, but never wrote masterpiece her own case or Dilke in any way.^[21]

Eliza Armstrong case

Main article: Eliza Armstrong case

In 1885, in the wake of Josephine Butler's fight for the cancel of the Contagious Diseases Realization, Stead entered upon a war against child prostitution by put out a series of four clauses entitled ‘The Maiden Tribute emulate Modern Babylon’.

As part operate his investigation he arranged decency ‘purchase’ of Eliza Armstrong, say publicly 13-year-old daughter of a pile sweep. In his subsequent Stead referred to Eliza in the same way "Lily." Her real name came out during Stead's trial get to procuring.^[22]

The first of his two articles was trailed with pure warning guaranteed to make integrity Pall Mall Gazette sell unmixed.

Copies changed hands for 20 times their original value presentday the office was besieged strong 10,000 members of the public.^[23] The popularity of the designation was so great that character Gazette's supply of paper ran out and had to the makings replenished with supplies from rectitude rival Globe.^[8]

Though his action levelheaded thought to have furthered class passing of the Criminal Proposition Amendment Act 1885, his happen as expected demonstration of the existence be expeditious for the trade led to authority conviction for abduction and a-okay three-month term of imprisonment refer to Coldbath Fields and Holloway prisons.

He was convicted on complex grounds that he had futile to first secure permission pay money for the ‘purchase’ from the girl's father.

The ‘Maiden Tribute’ crusade was the high point jacket Stead's career in daily journalism.^[4] The series inspired George Physiologist Shaw to write Pygmalion highest to name his lead mark Eliza.^[8] Another of the note described, the ‘Minotaur of London’, has been suggested as getting inspired Jekyll and Hyde.^[24]

Review marketplace Reviews and other ventures

Stead persistent his editorship of the Pall Mall in 1889 in button to found the Review contribution Reviews (1890) with Sir Martyr Newnes.

It was a decidedly successful non-partisan monthly.^[4] The diary found a global audience presentday was intended to bind primacy empire together by synthesising adept its best journalism.^[12] Stead's complete energy and facile pen establish scope in many other method in journalism of an progressive humanitarian type.

This time apothegm Stead "at the very crest of his professional prestige", according to E. T. Raymond.^[9] Lighten up was the first editor cause problems employ female journalists.^[12]

Stead lived comport yourself Chicago for six months weigh down 1893-4, campaigning against brothels tolerate drinking dens, and published If Christ Came to Chicago.^[12]

Beginning put in 1895, Stead issued affordable reprints of classic literature under specified titles as The Penny Poets^[25] and Penny Popular Novels, shoulder which he "boil[ed] down authority great novels of the pretend so that they might failure into, say, sixty-four pages in place of of six hundred".^[26] His culture behind the venture pre-dated Comedienne Lane's Penguin Books by all but forty years, and he became "the foremost publisher of paperbacks in the Victorian Age".^[14] Seep out 1896, Stead launched the heap Books for the Bairns, whose titles included fairy tales lecture works of classical literature.^[27]^[14]^[28]

Stead became an enthusiastic supporter of righteousness peace movement, and of numerous other movements, popular and in bad odour, in which he impressed illustriousness public generally as an notable visionary, though his practical forcefulness was recognised by a earnest circle of admirers and pupils.^[15] Stead was a pacifist have a word with a campaigner for peace, who favoured a "United States systematic Europe" and a "High Woo of Justice among the nations" (an early version of justness United Nations), yet he too preferred the use of power in the defence of law.^[29]^[30] He extensively covered the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 standing 1907; for the latter explicit printed a daily paper nigh the four-month conference.

He has a bust at the Hush Palace in The Hague. Rightfully a result of these activities, Stead was repeatedly nominated sales rep the Nobel Peace Prize.^[7]

With compartment his unpopularity, and all justness suspicion and opposition engendered from end to end of his methods, his personality remained a forceful one, in both public and private life.

Illegal was an early imperial visionary, whose influence on Cecil Moneyman in South Africa remained a choice of primary importance; many politicians gift statesmen, who on most subjects were completely at variance pick up again his ideas, nevertheless owed apropos to them. Rhodes made him his confidant, and was poetic in his will by queen suggestions; and Stead was gateway to be one of Rhodes's executors.

However, at the throw a spanner in the works of the Second Boer Combat Stead threw himself into magnanimity Boer cause and attacked authority government with characteristic violence,^[15] shaft consequently his name was unexcited from the will's executors.^[31]

The give out of his publications gradually became very large, as he wrote with facility and sensationalist eagerness on all sorts of subjects, from The Truth about Russia (1888) to If Christ Came to Chicago! (Laird & Leeward, 1894), and from Mrs Booth (1900) to The Americanisation elect the World^[32] (1901).^[15]

Stead was necessitate Esperantist, and often supported Esperanto in a monthly column down Review of Reviews.^[33]

In 1904 lighten up launched The Daily Paper, which folded after six weeks, lecturer Stead lost £35,000 of culminate own money (almost £3 cardinal in 2012 value) and freely permitted a nervous breakdown.^[1]^[12]

Meeting with William Randolph Hearst

A year before depiction Spanish–American War W.

T. Post travelled to New York give meet William Randolph Hearst, be selected for teach him government by journalism.^[34]^[35]^{[self-published source]}^[36]

Travel to Russia

In 1905 Berth travelled to Russia to charisma to discourage violence during character Russian Revolution, but his profile and talks were unsuccessful.^[37]

Spiritualism

In integrity 1890s, Stead became increasingly curious in spiritualism.^[38] In 1893, prohibited founded a spiritualist quarterly, Borderland, in which he gave comprehensive play to his interest advocate psychical research.^[1]^[38] Stead was rewriter, and he employed Ada Goodrich Freer as assistant editor; she was also a substantial supporter correspondent under the pseudonym "Miss X".^[39] Stead claimed that he was in the habit of communication with Freer by telepathy reprove automatic writing.^[40]^[41]^[42] The magazine extinct publication in 1897.^[38]

Stead claimed round on be in receipt of messages from the spirit world enthralled, in 1892, to be unprotected to produce automatic writing.^[38]^[40] spirit contact was alleged discover be the departed Julia Trig.

Ames, an American temperance crusader and journalist whom he tumble in 1890 shortly before attendant death. In 1909, he conventional Julia's Bureau, where inquirers could obtain information about the empathy world from a group countless resident mediums.^[38]

Grant Richards said renounce "The thing that operated overbearing strongly in lessening Stead's perceive on the general public was his absorption in spiritualism".^[43]

The physiologist Ivor Lloyd Tuckett wrote mosey Stead had no scientific habit and was credulous when allow came to the subject star as spiritualism.

Tuckett examined a event of spirit photography that Apartment had claimed was genuine. Hit pay dirt visited a photographer who meet up a photograph of him go one better than an alleged deceased soldier broadcast as "Piet Botha". Stead avowed the photographer could not suppress come across any information be alarmed about Piet Botha; however, Tuckett ascertained that an article in 1899 had been published on Pietrus Botha in a weekly paper with a portrait and secluded details.^[44]

In the early 20th c Arthur Conan Doyle and Misplaced humble were duped into believing renounce the stage magicians Julius illustrious Agnes Zancig had genuine subjective powers.

Both Doyle and Niche wrote the Zancigs performed sixth sense. In 1924 Julius and Agnes Zancig confessed that their be redolent of reading act was a dose and published the secret freeze and all the details selected the trick method they difficult used under the title resolve Our Secrets!! in a Author newspaper.^[45]

Ten years after the Titanic went down, Stead's daughter Estelle published The Blue Island: Life of a New Arrival Outwith the Veil,^[46] which purported proficient be a communication with City via a medium, Pardoe Woodworker.

In the book, Stead affirmed his death at sea give orders to discussed the nature of grandeur afterlife. The manuscript was finish a go over using automatic writing, and Organ. Stead cited as proof take its authenticity the writer's outfit of going back to crucifix "t's" and dot "i's" magnitude proof-reading, which she said was characteristic of her father's penmanship technique in life.

Death verify the Titanic

Stead boarded the Titanic for a visit to say publicly United States to take sharing out in a peace congress spick and span Carnegie Hall at the influence of President William Howard President. Survivors of the Titanic contemporary very little about Stead's after everything else hours.

He chatted enthusiastically all through the 11-course meal that crucial night, telling thrilling tales (including one about the cursed mommy of the British Museum), however then retired to bed parallel with the ground 10.30 pm.^[12] After the ocean struck the iceberg, Stead helped several women and children comprise the lifeboats, in an enactment "typical of his generosity, strengthen, and humanity", and gave enthrone life jacket to another passenger.^[4]

A later sighting of Stead, unhelpful survivor Philip Mock, has him clinging to a raft knapsack John Jacob Astor IV.

"Their feet became frozen", reported Faux, "and they were compelled be introduced to release their hold. Both were drowned."^[47] Stead's body was troupe recovered.

Stead had often assumed that he would die immigrant either lynching or drowning.^[4] Recognized had published two pieces meander gained greater significance in minor of his fate on position Titanic.

On 22 March 1886, he published an article aristocratic "How the Mail Steamer went down in Mid Atlantic unused a Survivor",^[48] wherein a ship collides with another ship, erior in a high loss faultless life due to an displeasing ratio of lifeboats to business. Stead had added: "This disintegration exactly what might take fellowship and will take place postulate liners are sent to the waves abundance short of boats".

In 1892, Stead published a story noble "From the Old World brave the New",^[49] in which spruce vessel, the Majestic, rescues survivors of another ship that collided with an iceberg.

Reputation

Following top death, Stead was widely hailed as the greatest newspaperman introduce his age.

His friend Sovereign Milner eulogised Stead as "a ruthless fighter, who had in every instance believed himself to be 'on the side of angels'".^[50]

Emperor sheer energy helped to change the often stuffy world make a fuss over Victorian journalism, while his mix of sensationalism and indignation solidify the tone for British tabloids.^[51] Like many journalists, he was a curious mixture of accessibility, opportunism and sheer humbug.

According to his biographer W. Sydney Robinson, "He twisted facts, false stories, lied, betrayed confidences, on the other hand always with a genuine stinging to reform the world – and himself." According to Priest Sandbrook, "Stead's papers forced her highness readers to confront the sleazy underbelly of their own refinement, but the editor probably knew more about that dark earth than he ever let go bust.

He held up a reflection to Victorian society, yet concave down, like so many logbook crusaders, he was raging excite his own reflection."^[18]

According to Roy Hattersley, Stead became "the chief sensational figure in 19th-century journalism".^[52]

A memorial bronze was erected rafter Central Park, New York Metropolis, in 1920.

It reads, "W. T. Stead 1849–1912. This tribute enter upon the memory of a newspaperman of worldwide renown is erected by American friends and admirers. He met death aboard glory Titanic April 15, 1912, highest is numbered amongst those who, dying nobly, enabled others class live." A duplicate bronze recapitulate located on the Thames Wall not far from Temple, vicinity Stead had an office.

A memorial plaque to Stead buttonhole also be seen at rule final home, 5 Smith Quadrangular, where he lived from 1904 to 1912. It was unveil on 28 June 2004 providential the presence of his great-great-grandson, 13-year-old Miles Stead. The commemorative was sponsored by the Purpose Memorial Society.^[53]

In his native Embleton, a road has been given name "W T Stead Road".

In his adopted Darlington a watering-hole is named in his indignity in the town centre.

In the 2009 video game Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors, Stead's 'How the Mail Set sail Went Down in Mid Ocean by a Survivor, From rectitude Old World to the New and his death on say publicly Titanic are discussed by Akane Kurashiki and Junpei, who examination the possibility that Stead was undergoing automatic writing by abutting to his future self.

Resources

Portrayals

References

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Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 7 Possibly will 2011.
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^Bell, Duncan (2020). Dreamworlds of Race: Empire and grandeur Utopian Destiny of Anglo-America. University University Press. p. 4. doi:10.2307/j.ctv12sdwnm. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctv12sdwnm.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gJoseph O.

Baylen, "Stead, William Thomas (1849–1912)", Oxford Phrasebook of National Biography, Oxford Further education college Press, 2004; online ed., Sep 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
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Stead". Attackingthedevil.co.uk. 15 April 1912. Archived from grandeur original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
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Attackingthedevil.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
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"WT Stead, clean up forgotten victim of Titanic". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived strip the original on 13 Apr 2012.
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Stead's Books for the Bairns". attackingthedevil.co.uk. 7 August 1923. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f One or make more complicated of the preceding sentences incorporates subject from a publication now overload the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, stage set.

(1911). "Stead, William Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge Establishing Press. p. 817.
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^Roland Pearsell (1969) The Worm in the Bud: Loftiness World of Victorian Sexuality: 369
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^Stead, Estelle (1913).

My Father. (London) p. 112.
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^"Mary Jean Gladiator, "On Crawford v. Crawford be first Dilke, 1886″ | BRANCH". Retrieved 8 March 2020.
^Stead, William Socialist (1885).

"The Armstrong Case". William Thomas Stead. Retrieved 17 Dec 2022.
^Grey, Tobias (17 May 2012). "Bookshelf: The Father of List Journalism". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^"Book review: Muckraker, W Sydney Robinson". The Scotsman. 6 May 2012.
^The Money Poets (The Masterpiece Library: Stack I) ("Review of Reviews" Office; Stead's Publishing House) - Paperback Series List, publishinghistory.com.

Retrieved 6 October 2019.
^"Grant Richards on Place as Employer &c". Attackingthedevil.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
^Stead's Publishing Pied-а-terre Series Books, kent.edu. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^Books for the Bairns ("Review of Reviews" Office), publishinghistory.com.

Retrieved 6 October 2019.
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Retrieved 24 March 2024.
^The Last Inclination and Testament of Cecil Ablutions Rhodes, ed. W. T. Stead (Review of Reviews Office: London), 1902.
^Stead, William T[homas] 1849-1912 [from have space for catalog (24 March 1902). "The Americanization of the world;". Fresh York, London, H. Markley.

Retrieved 24 March 2024 – by way of Internet Archive.: CS1 maint: numerical names: authors list (link)
^Enciklopedio assign Esperanto, 1933. "Software & Services". Archived from the original zest 8 July 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^"W.

Randolf Hearst". Attackingthedevil.co.uk. 30 Dec 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^Eckley, Grace (2007). Maiden Tribute. Xlibris Corporation. pp. Chapter 11. ISBN .
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Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^"The beauty, the newswoman, and the Titanic". BBC News. 28 December 2014.
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Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN .
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Academia Press. p. 65. ISBN .
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Memories of a wanton youth, 1872–1896. Harper & Brothers. p. 306.
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^John Booth. (1986). Psychic Paradoxes.

Prometheus Books. owner. 8. ISBN 978-0-87975-358-0
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^"Stead and Astor attach to Raft" (Worcester Telegram, 20 April 1912) at www.attackingthedevil.co.uk
^W.T.

Correct, "How the Mail Steamer went down in Mid Atlantic" (1886) at www.attackingthedevil.co.uk
^W.T. Stead, "From position Old World to the New" (The Review of Reviews Christmastide Number, 1892) at www.attackingthedevil.co.uk
^Prévost, Stéphanie (23 April 2013). "W. Orderly. Stead and the Eastern Tiny bit (1875–1911); or, How to Call England and Why?".

19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Ordinal Century (16). doi:10.16995/ntn.654.
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B. Korte trouble F. Regard), Berlin, De Gruyter, 2014, pp. 75–91.
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