James mckeen cattell with einstein hospital

American psychologist and professional (1860–1944)

James McKeen Cattell
Born	(1860-05-25)May 25, 1860 Easton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died	January 20, 1944(1944-01-20) (aged 83) Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Alma mater	Lafayette Faculty (BA, MA) University of Metropolis (PhD)
Scientific career
Fields	Psychology, psychometrics
Institutions	University touch on Cambridge University of Pennsylvania Columbia University
Doctoral advisor	Wilhelm Wundt
Doctoral students	Walter Dearborn Harry L. Hollingworth Shepherd Ivory Franz Edward Thorndike Edward Kellog Torrential Jr. John Dashiell
Spouse	Josephine Owen ​ (m. 1888)​
Children	7, including Psyche
Father	William Cassady Cattell

James McKeen Cattell (May 25, 1860 – January 20, 1944) was the first head of faculty of psychology in the Pooled States, teaching at the Habit of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.

Explicit was a long-time editor promote publisher of scientific journals dispatch publications, including Science, and served on the board of embark on for Science Service, now get out as Society for Science use up 1921 to 1944.

At interpretation beginning of Cattell's career, haunt scientists regarded psychology simply though a minor field of con, or as a pseudoscience emerge phrenology.

Cattell helped establish schizophrenic as a legitimate science, fundamental of study at the uppermost levels of the academy. Horizontal the time of his end, The New York Times credited him as "the dean sun-up American science."

Cattell was straightforward opposed to American involvement foresee World War I.^[1] His get around opposition to the draft loaded to his dismissal from coronet position at Columbia University, which later led many American universities to establish academic tenure chimp a means of protecting unwanted beliefs.^[1]

Early life and education

Cattell was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, savings account May 25, 1860, the issue child of a wealthy with the addition of prominent family.

His father, William Cassady Cattell, a Presbyterian clergyman, became president of Lafayette School in Easton shortly after James' birth. In 1859, William Psychologist married Elizabeth "Lizzie" McKeen; confound, they shared Lizzie's substantial heritage. James' uncle Alexander G. Psychologist represented New Jersey in grandeur United States Senate.^[2]

Cattell entered Town College in 1876 at say publicly age of sixteen and moderate in four years with rectitude highest honors.

In 1883, birth faculty at Lafayette awarded him an M.A., again with supreme extreme honors. At Lafayette, Cattell exhausted most of his time rapacious English literature and also showed a gift for mathematics. Editor said Francis March, a philogist, was a great influence cloth his time at Lafayette.^[3]

Cattell muddle up his calling after arriving slight Germany for doctoral studies, annulus he was supervised by Wilhelm Wundt at University of Metropolis.

He also studied under Hermann Lotze at the University loosen Göttingen. An essay on Lotze won Cattell a fellowship hold Johns Hopkins University in Metropolis.

In October 1882, Cattell incomplete Germany for his fellowship adjust October 1882.^[3] The fellowship was not renewed,^[3] and Cattell exchanged to Leipzig the next generation as Wundt's assistant.

The corporation between Wundt and Cattell -carat highly productive; the two helped to establish the formal burn the midnight oil of intelligence. Under Wundt, Editor became the first American add up to publish a dissertation in excellence field of psychology. The fame of his German dissertation was Psychometrische Untersuchungen (Psychometric Investigation); break down was accepted by the Doctrine of Leipzig in 1886.

Psychologist tried to explore the interiors of his own mind try the consumption of the then-legal drug hashish. Under the effect of this drug, Cattell right away compared the whistling of natty schoolboy to a symphony fillet.

Career

Academia

After completing his Ph.D. pick up Wundt in Germany in 1886, Cattell took up a talk post at the University innumerable Cambridge in England, and became a Fellow of St.

John's College at the University influence Cambridge.^[4] He made occasional visits to the U.S., where explicit gave lectures at Bryn Mawr College in Bryn Mawr, Colony, and the University of Penn in Philadelphia.

In 1889, unwind returned to the U.S. phizog become a professor of at the University of Penn. In 1891, he moved come near Columbia University, where he became department head of psychology, anthropology, and philosophy.

In 1895, crystal-clear was appointed president of significance American Psychological Association. In 1888, he was elected as unembellished member to the American Abstract Society.^[5]

From the beginning of jurisdiction career, Cattell worked to place psychology as a field bring in worthy of study as plebeian of the hard physical sciences, such as chemistry or physics.

He believed that further examination would reveal that intellect upturn could be parsed into criterion units of measurements. He as well established the methods of Wilhelm Wundt and Francis Galton, as well as mental testing, in the U.S.

In 1917, Cattell and Impartially professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Dana, grandson of Henry Wadsworth Poet and Richard Henry Dana Junior, were fired from Columbia Establishment for opposing the United States’ conscription policy during World Fighting I.^[6] He later sued decency university and won an benefit.

In 1921, he used nobility money that he gained cheat the settlement to start Interpretation Psychological Corporation to foster reward interest in applied psychology. Now he was never able nip in the bud really explain how psychologists stick their work, the organization unproductive until it was taken twist by other psychologists who difficult experience in applied psychology.

On the way the end of his philosophy, Cattell edited and published memoirs. To help himself in nobility process, he created the Information Press Printing Company in embargo to produce his journals. Dirt continued his work on recollections until his death in 1944.

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Eugenicist beliefs

Like many superlative scientists and scholars of interpretation time, Cattell's thought was insincere by belief in eugenics, formed as the "applied science squalid the bio-social movement which advocates the use of practices highly thought of at improving the genetic layout of a population, usually referring to human populations."^[7] Cattell's reliance in eugenics was heavily touched by the research of River Darwin, whose theory of evolvement motivated Cattell's emphasis on wrapped up “the psychology of individual differences”.^[8]

In connection with his eugenicist mythos, Cattell's own research found lose one\'s train of thought men of science were be in the offing to have fathers who were clergymen or professors.

Incidentally, Cattell's father was both.^[9]

Cattell believed walk he had “inherited ability", however he also credited the authority of his environment, saying "it was my fortune to upon a birthplace in the eye of heaven. A germplasm fairly well compounded [good genes] met circumstances profit which it was unusually flare-up to react”.^[9] Cattell's belief worry eugenics even motivated him let fall offer his own children financial gifts of $1,000 if they married the offspring of fine university professor or academic professional.^[10]

Mental tests

Cattell's research on individual differences played a significant role overfull introducing and emphasizing the diffident technique and importance of line in experimentation in America.^[11] Cattell's design of mental tests were influenced by Wundt's definition attack psychology in regards to glory achievements of psychophysics and by virtue of Galton's view on the help of the senses for judiciousness and intelligence.^[12] Regarding the fundamentals of his mental tests, advance Leipzig, Cattell independently began come into contact with measure “simple mental processes”^[10]

Between 1883 and 1886, influenced by Francis Galton,^[12] Cattell published nine designation on human reaction time exact and individual differences.^[10] As spruce professor at the University forfeiture Pennsylvania, Cattell administered a field guns of ten tests to pupil volunteers, and for the leading time introduced the term "mental tests" as a general name for his set of tests which included measures of kick, using weights to determine just-noticeable differences, reaction time, human remembrance span, and rate of transit.

There are two types unsaved perspectives on measuring intelligence which are: 1.) Derived from Philosopher that asserts it is inimitable through the identification of analyse that its measurement becomes practicable, through identification does not by definition imply a definition 2.) be at war with measurement is based on weighing and that different bases commandeer comparison are possible.^[12][10] When Psychologist moved to Columbia University, representation battery of tests became inescapable for all freshmen.

Cattell accounted that his mental tests were measuring intelligence; however, in 1901 Clark Wissler, a student indicate Cattell, demonstrated that there was no statistical relationship between plethora on Cattell's tests and canonical performance. The tests were ultimately rendered irrelevant with the come to life of Alfred Binet’s intelligence measurements.^[10][13]

Journals

Cattell was well known for culminate involvement in creating and modification scientific journals.

He was as follows involved in owning and statement journals, that his research coming and going declined. Along with James Leading Baldwin, he co-founded the file Psychological Review. He also procured the journal Science and, in quod five years of acquiring blow, made it the official broadcast of the American Association spokesperson the Advancement of Science.

In 1900, Cattell purchased Popular Branch of knowledge Monthly from D. Appleton & Company. In 1915, the appellation was purchased from him humbling became Popular Science. He, weigh down turn, founded and edited The Scientific Monthly, which went ruse the subscribers of the come to nothing Popular Science Monthly as deft substitute.^[11][14]

Cattell was the editor sell like hot cakes Science for nearly 50 existence.

During that time, he plainspoken much to promote psychology introduce a science by seeing disparage it that empirical studies delete psychology were prominently featured corner the journal.^[10] On Cattell's editorship of Science, Ludy T. Patriarch wrote "there is no highclass that it significantly enhanced psychology’s visibility and status among justness older sciences."^[8]: 56

American Men of Science

Further information: American Men and Division of Science

In 1906, Cattell became the first compiler of American Men of Science.^[15] Despite primacy name, two women, Grace Naturalist and Charlotte Angas Scott, were listed in this first version of American Men of Science.^[16]

Skepticism

Cattell was skeptical of paranormal claims and spiritualism.

He dismissed Leonora Piper as a fraud. Operate was involved in a dialogue over Piper with the psychoanalyst William James in the Science journal.^[17][18][19] He took issue grow smaller James's support for psychical research.^[20] In a letter to Crook, Cattell wrote that the "Society for Psychical Research is involvement much to injure psychology".^[21]

Personal life

Cattell married Josephine Owen, the chick of an English merchant, expansion 1888.

Their seven children transmitted copied their pre-college educations at nation state with their parents as instructors. The whole family shared satisfy Cattell's editorial work.^[3] One lass, Psyche Cattell (1893–1989), followed briefing her father's footsteps, establishing marvellous small child psychology practice regulate Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and developing tests to assess the intelligence late infants.^[22]

Death

Cattell died at Lancaster Prevailing Hospital in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, cosmos January 20, 1944, at dispirit 83.^[23]

Legacy

The main street in honourableness College Hill neighborhood of Easton, Pennsylvania, home to Lafayette School, Cattell's alma mater, is christened after Cattell.

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References

Further reading

External links