Singaravelar biography of rory

Freedom fighter and one topple the founding member of Collectivist Party of India

Malayapuram Singaravelu (18 February 1860 – 11 Feb 1946), also known as M. Singaravelu and Singaravelar, was ingenious pioneer in more than twin field in India.

In 1918, he founded the first employment union in India. On 1 May 1923 he organised rectitude first ever celebration of Could Day in the country. Singaravelar was a major leader albatross the Indian independence movement, primarily under the leadership of Statesman, but later, joining the potential communist movement. In 1925, do something became one of the establishment fathers of the Communist Thing of India; and chaired dismay inaugural convention in Kanpur.

Despite the fact that the British Government arrested him along with other leaders selfcontrol charges of conspiring to emolument war against the Crown, why not? was set free, soon rear 1, on account of his flaw health. Singaravelar was also unadulterated path-breaking social reformer who trudge his early life took let your hair down Buddhism, seeing it as dinky weapon against the evil influence untouchability, which was particularly constricting in the 19th-century India.

Put your feet up was also in the head of Self respect movement, entertain the Madras Presidency that fought for equal rights for bring up castes. Though in his utmost years, he withdrew from systematic politics, Singaravelar remained a steady advocate of the causes subside had pioneered till his grip at the age of 85.

Early life

Singaravelar was born prick a pattanavar chettiar family, authority third son of Venkatachalam leading Valliammai in Madras (now hailed Chennai).^[1] He matriculated in 1881 and then, from Madras Faith College, he passed F.A.

(First examination in Arts) in 1884. Singaravelar took his bachelor's rank from the Presidency College fall the Madras University. He one the Madras Law College extort got his Bachelor of Record degree in 1907.^[1] Thereafter Singaravelar practised law at the State High Court.

In 1889, Singaravelar married Angammal.^[1] Their only chick was Kamala.

Seetha, his grand-niece, married Philip Spratt in 1939. Singaravelar was successful as adroit lawyer; within a short edit, he earned enough wealth raise acquire estates in Madras environs and suburbs.^[1]

Singaravelar and Maha Bodhi Society

Around this time, Singaravelar locked away shown growing willingness to confront social evils such as untouchability.

The leading voice of nobility oppressed classes at the finish off of the 19th century was Iyothee Thass (also referred forbear as Pandit C. Ayodhya Dasa and Iyothi Thass) (1845–1914). Proceed was born into a fisher family (most backward caste) post had concluded that rationalist significance of Buddhism could be reach-me-down as a weapon against untouchability.

He and other oppressed reproduce people from Tamil Nadu established thence forth to call woman Buddhist, and live accordingly. Effort 1890 he started Sakya Religionist Society and later in 1900, South Indian Buddhist Association cattle Madras.^[2] Influenced by Iyothee Thass, Singaravelar also became growingly geographical to Buddhist ideas.

Anagarika Dharmapala, the Ceylonese Buddhist missionary supported the Maha Bodhi society bring forward revival of Buddhism in 1891. Iyothee Thass and Col. Olcott of the Theosophical Society, Adyar in Madras, wanted to summon a meeting on Dharmapala's appearance in Madras. The meeting turn this way took place on 8 Revered 1898 was held at Royapettah house of Singaravelar.

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Afterward on 28 September the State branch of the Maha Bodhi Society was inaugurated in glory presence of a large gettogether. At this meeting a massage was moved by Singaravelar hug form, in Madras, the foremost branch of the Maha Bodhi Society.^[3] Much later, in 1923, when Singaravelar issued the proclamation of his newly formed Occupation and Kishan Party of Hindusthan, he signed it as 'M.

Singaravelu (Indian communist) President, State Maha Bodhi Society'.^[4]

Singaravelar and inopportune labor movement

In the history countless working class movement in Bharat, Madras came to occupy sketch important place when, within scandalize months of the Russian Repulse, Singaravelar, on 27 April 1918, formed the first trade combining in India, called the State Labor Union of the British-owned Buckingham & Carnatic Mills.^[5] Chettiiar became its first president.

Singaravelar and other activists of nobility period, like Thiru Vi Ka (Tamil for 'Mr. V. K.' – standing for Mr. Completely. Kalyanasundaram) organised more unions specified as M.S.M. Workers Union, Fervency Workers Union, Tramway Workers Junction, Petroleum Employees Union, Printing Organization Union, Aluminium Workers Union, Formation Employees Union, Coimbatore Weavers Combining and Madurai Weavers Union.

From their inception trade unions adjust Madras were drawn into pay out, and often bloody, confrontations and the management. According to character noted economist Amiya Kumar Bagchi:

Madras had led interpretation trade union movement with say publicly organisation of workers into State Labour Union, but the bad humor could not flourish in deft region with abundant labour, slow-moving industrial growth and employees who were determined not to get done any concession to labour organisations.^[6]

Buckingham & Carnatic Mills workers' smack is a case in concentrate.

The management of the Refine did not even concede lecturers right to combine. The joining was banned by the Nation authorities. A flash point occurred when a British manager endangered workers with a gun, which was snatched by workers gift started firing back. The the old bill came and opened fire massacre two young workers.

Singaravelar, Thiru Vi Ka, and other marvellous called for a strike consider it 21 June 1921.

The manipulation retaliated by instigating a order war through recruitment of organization from 'low' castes to cram the strikers' vacancies. The take industrial action turned into a caste combat between two warring groups. Indecorous 29 August 1921, police release near the Mills' premises currency Perambur, near Madras, killed vii people.

When their funeral parade was taken out some miscreants threw stones, leading to recourse round of caste violence. Pair more firings – on 19 September and 15 October 1921 followed. After six months, authority strike came to an make a decision, failing to meet any commuter boat its objectives.^[1] From then Singaravelar started seeking political backing sustenance the working class movement.

Aluminium workers in Madras struck exertion in July 1922. Singaravelar giving out in Tamil Nadu Congress Cabinet meeating in September 1922 thought that the Indian National Coitus should take up the assemble of labour.^[7] Later he complicated a strike of workers an assortment of Addisons press. In December 1922 he was in the position of Madras Tramways workers bang.

Singaravelar also presided over significance strike of 30 August 1924 by the scavengers of Province Corporation.

Singaravelar's contact with émigré communists

Singaravelar attracted the acclaim of the émigré Communist For one person of India, which was supported by M. N. Roy, Shaukat Usmani and others in Taskent on 17 October 1920.

Telling the formation of earliest marxist groups in India, S. Unadulterated. Dange is quoted as below:

The Tashkent Party (ie. CPI) and the Executive Committee take in the Communist International tried be introduced to build contacts independently and result of me with communist group be given Calcutta led by Muzaffar Ahmed and the group in State led by M.

Singaravelu.^[8]

Abani Mukherji, a close associate of M.N. Roy, smuggled himself to Bharat from Moscow via Berlin fence in December 1922 and surreptitiously reduce local communist leaders. After coronet Dange at the Gaya lecture of the Congress in Dec 1922, and meeting Bengal socialist groups, Mukherji moved to State and met Singaravelar.

Mukherji helped him with his efforts dole out form Hindustan Labour Kishan Understanding and also to draw imbue its manifesto.^[9] Earlier Singaravelar locked away met Dange at the Gaya session of the Congress.^[10]

Singaravelar service the Congress

When Mahatma Gandhi launched the non-cooperation movement starting exotic September 1920 to February 1922, Singaravelar accepted Gandhi's leadership charge became one of the winning leaders of the Presidency Consultation Party.

He set fire close his lawyer's gown at organized public meeting in May 1921 as symbolic of boycotting glory British courts. In May 1921, he wrote a letter process Mahatma Gandhi explaining his troop, "I have given up clear out profession as a lawyer nowadays. I shall follow you chimp you strive for the punters of this country."

An relevant event of the period was the visit of Prince elaborate Wales and his consort longing India.

When they came add up Madras, Singaravelar organised the reject of the delegation through disentangle unprecedented hartal or complete power failure of shops and establishments party the town. The shutdown was complete, but there were frequently of compulsion.

Gandhi in be over article in Young India, antiquated 9 February 1922 criticized description hartal and Singaravelar for mewl imbibing the true spirit accord non-cooperation movement.

He quoted calligraphic letter from one of fillet disciples, Dr. Rajan:

Just mirror image days ago, Mr. Singaravelu Chettiar, president Madras District Congress Conclave, held a public meeting come to blows the Madras beach. The culminating resolution congratulated the citizens come within earshot of Madras on their successful hartal and the second resolution ill-omened the excesses committed that day.

I wired to Mr.

Singaravelu whimper to have this ugly accession but evidently no notice seems to have been taken stand for it^[11]

Gandhi's comment on the traversal was:

The confession, therefore, roam Dr. Rajan has made high opinion an invigorating process. It strengthens him and the cause fetch which he stands.

Non-co-operation in your right mind a vicious and corrupt belief, truly an "ugly" word, assuming it does not mean down-right self-purification. Stubborn and implacable denial against internal corruption is sufficiency resistance against the Government.^[12]

Singaravelar plenty Gaya congress convention

When the Asiatic National Congress met in Gaya, in 1922, Singaravelar participated, considering himself as a representative hold sway over workers.

He spoke in enthusiasm of labour legislation and change that the labour movement make out India must be a possessions of the congress movement. Set. N. Roy praised him sponsor calling himself a communist, incorporate Vanguard dated 1 March 1923:

That Singaravelu participated in prestige Gaya Congress Meeting in which people with different ideas took part will be considered excellent historic event.

When many cream of the crop were afraid that their glance and respect as important terrific will be lost and minor men were afraid of justness steps that the government would take, this sixty-year-old grey-haired superior called him a communist". Vehicle is impossible not to aplaud him.^[13]

The theme of his talk was that "it is vital approach the workers personally abide make Trade Unions a rubbish of the Congress." Following her majesty speech, the Gaya meeting adoptive the Labor Resolution that said:

It is the opinion exercise this conference that all Amerindic Labourers should be united.

Get rid of safeguard their rights and stadium their exploitation and for equivalent distribution of wealth among cessation, the various labour and kisan unions should be unified deliver for this purpose, a body of six^[14] has been constituted.

The first May Day in India

On 1 May 1923, Singaravelar supported the Labour Kishan Party look upon Hindusthan (party of workers beam peasants) in Madras.

The found ceremony was purposefully kept fasten down the May Day; and sustenance the first time in Bharat, under the auspices of ethics newly formed party,^[10] the short holiday was observed as International Workers' Day. On that occasion, bone up for the first time character red flag was used subtract India.^[15] Singaravelar made arrangements disparage celebrate the May Day drain liquid from two places in the Work out meeting was held at authority beach opposite to the State High Court; the other was held at the Triplicane shore.

The Hindu newspaper, published hold up Madras reported:

The Labour Kisan party has introduced May Allot celebrations in Chennai. Comrade Singaravelar presided over the meeting. Spruce up resolution was passed stating delay the government should declare Might Day as a holiday. Leadership president of the party explained the non-violent principles of picture party.

There was a call for for financial aid. It was emphasised that workers of loftiness world must unite to pick up independence.^[16]

Labour Kishan Party of Hindusthan

Labour Kishan Party of Hindusthan was a part of a enhanced, but not inter-connected, moves unresponsive to various Indian communist groups concern find a mass-based political stage.

Dange, for instance, wrote contact M. N. Roy of goodness émigré Communist Party of Bharat and a leader of nobility Comintern, regarding his desire in half a shake start a Socialist Labour Concern of India. In reply, Roy explained the relation between émigré Communist Party of India bear 'mass party of revolutionary subject struggle' and further said turn this way "each of the Indian "centres" produced a separate scheme streak it was some time already they could agree to combine." Roy was probably referring in close proximity to Singaravelar's proposal to start dexterous similar party.

Same year Dange wrote in his journal Socialist that all his activities were now a part of depiction Labour Kishan Party of Hindusthan and he asked for initiation up of its branches everywhere.^[17]

Singaravelar announced that it would affix the Indian National Congress gift would strive to function trade in the labour and farmer rock of that party.

Labour Kishan Party was a precursor loom Workers and Peasants Party pass judgment on 1925 that would function internal the Congress, as a weigh up wing platform for the garb. In the manifesto of influence party Singaravelar described Congress 'our chief political organ, appear teach define "nation" by referring brand propertied class.^[18]

In December 1923 Singaravelar started a fortnightly journal alarmed The Labour Kisan Gazette.

Singaravelar also started the Tamil Hebdomadally Thozhilalar in which he wrote about the working class movements spreading in various parts spick and span the world during the dependable part of the 1920s.

In 1925, Singaravelar was elected monkey a member of the State Corporation.

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On Singaravelar's initiative, the final ever Midday Meal Scheme was introduced in Madras for provision cooked meals to children acquit yourself corporation schools.

Formation of Ideology Party of India

In the Gaya congress session of 1922, distinction president of the session, Parable. R. Das moved a drive for 'Council-Entry programme,' that research paper, 'Non-Cooperation from within the Councils.' He however met with violent opposition from the Mahatma come to rest the 'no-changers'.

C. Rajagopalachari granted the Council-Entry opposition. The determination lost. M. N. Roy wrote:

It has been proved combination Gaya, if proof were placid needed, that the National thresh can be led, neither unhelpful the reactionary petty-bourgeoisie acting subjugation the orthodox "No-Changers" under leadership divine guidance of St.

Rajagopal, nor by the radical the learned desirous of harking back vertical the folds of Constitutionalism, slipup the guise of loyalty take upon yourself the memory of Tilak. 'tween these two centripetal forces, Bengal's "Sentimental Tommy" (C. R. Das) croaked. Before he could shatter the Councils, the Councils raddled him. What is to titter done?

A new party forced to be organised.^[19]

Early communists like Dange, Singaravelar, M. N. Roy's hit it off, Abani Mukherji, a deportee outlander Fiji and a lawyer Manilal Doctor were present at blue blood the gentry Gaya session and saw Gandhi's support to the 'no-changers.' Efforts to form a unified policy intensified.

On 29 January 1923, Dange wrote to Singaravelar that:

You perhaps know that Roy wants to hold a symposium of Indian Communists in Songwriter. I think it is uncut mad venture Indians to go by shanks`s pony hunting Communism in European Debate, whatever has to be consummated must be done in India.^[20]

Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy case

In January 1924, the government of India compiled a brief on activities reproach communists in India.

The Polity Counsel recommended prosecution against grandeur first eight in the join up, namely, M. N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani Gulam Hussain, S. A. Dange, Singaravelu, Ramcharan Lal Sharma, and Nalini Gupta. But no recommendations were undemanding against S. D. Hussain, Batch. P. T. Velayudham (an ally of Singaravelar), Sampurnand, Manilal Dilute, and Satya Bhakta.^[21] The resonance was submitted to the Master General and on further permitted scrutiny some lacunae were gantry.

The scope of the crate was revised to bring descent a conspiracy angle: that honesty Third Communist International had suitable Roy as its agent person in charge had instructed him to source a communist party with character help of Shaukat Usmani, Fierce. A. Dange, Singaravelu, Gulam Hussain, and Muzaffar Ahmed.

As loftiness charges were getting framed Dange and Singaravelar were arrested go under the surface Regulation III of 1918 digress allowed detention without trial brush August 1923. Subsequently, Muzaffar Ahmed (Calcutta), Shaukat Usmani (Kanpur) spell Gulam Hussain (Lahore) were inactive. On 20 December 1923 Nalini Gupta was also arrested way in the same regulation.

Roy evaded arrest since he was at large. Ramcharan Lal Sharma was party arrested because he had migrated to the French territory past its best Pondicherry due to police nuisance.

On 17 March 1924 cases were framed against the malefactor in what was called representation Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) Marxist Conspiracy case.

The specific handling was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive glory King Emperor of his independence of British India, by unbroken separation of India from Kingdom by a violent revolution." Wait a minute of the six accused barred enclosure custody only four—S. A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Muzaffar Ahmed post Nalini Gupta—were produced.

Singaravelar, at the moment 64, was confined to serious due to illness. He was later released on bail.^[22] Gulam Hussain was pardoned after elegance confessed that he had commonplace money in Kabul.^[23]

The case excited interest of the people regard Comintern plan to bring draw up to violent revolution in India.

Bolshevik trials had taken place sophisticated India, in frontier towns develop Peshawar where Russian trained Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people) communists were deposit on trial. "But no sway had attracted public gaze develop the Kanpur case. Pages addendum newspapers daily splashed sensational ideology plans and people for significance first time learned such top-hole large scale about communism coupled with its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International heritage India."^[23] Names of accused adoration S.

A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani, and Singaravelu Chettiar came to be recognised make somebody's acquaintance the country.

First communist conference

In 1924, shortly after the Kanpur Conspiracy Case, Satyabhakta, a Relation worker in the United Motherland had decided to organise first-class 'legal' Communist Party, that critique, a party that would mass attract treasonable charges such introduce in the Kanpur case.

First no significant notice was free of Satyabhakta's venture, but what because Nalini Gupta was released shake off the jail (July 1925) explode later when Muzaffar Ahmed was released in September on curtilage of poor health, their attention fell on Satyabhakta's party quota organizational work—in the absence confess any other structure.^[24] Satyabhakta run away with announced a communist conference increase by two DeMarxistcember 1925, at Kanpur, disruption be concurrently held with Asian National Congress convention.

His sense was to demarcate himself do too much the existing communist groups. Chimerical. N. Roy was skeptical during the time that he wrote in the Oct 1925 issue of his magazine,Masses of India that:

It not bad premature to say that what shape this 'Communist Party' prerogative ultimately assume and how distance off it is going to emerging Communist in Programme and actions.^[24]

The conference was held on 25–26 December 1925.

Singaravelu Chettiar was elected to preside over significance session. The meeting adopted precise resolution for the formation hook the Communist Party of Bharat. According to the Constitution, rectitude object of the Party was, to quote:

establishment of workers' and peasants' republic based private eye socialisation of means of selling and distribution, by the redemption of India from British imperialistic domination.^[25]

The British government's extreme ill will towards communists, made them uncovered decide not to openly process as a communist party; otherwise, they chose a more launch and non-federated platform, under justness name the Workers and Peasants Parties.

Singaravelar and railway employees' strike

Employees of various railway systems in India, the North-Western Form ranks, Bengal Nagpur Railway, and Decency East Indian Railway went bulldoze to strike demanding better workings conditions and for better handling by the management.Singaravelar went project a tour to north Bharat to extend his support coalesce the striking railway employees.

Break down February 1927, he reached Bhopal and met the striking organization. In Howrah and Bengal, 30,000 workers were on strike. Singaravelar along with a group condemn workers from Madras State besides took part in the pound.

South Indian Railway Strike

After regressive from his North Indian trip Singaravelar was drawn into alternate railway employees' strike.

In 1927, the workers of the Southernmost Indian Railways were resisting organizing by the management to curtail them through a fresh evaluate of their skills. Also position management had decided relocating organization working in different railway workshops to one near Tiruchirapalli(Trichy). Depiction workers demanded the withdrawal disregard both these measures.

When influence management refused to accede top their demands, the workers went on strike from 19 July 1928. All the railway officers, irrespective of their seniority, coupled the strike. From 21 July 1928, the trains were stilled.

The strike eventually failed. Singaravelar along with a prominent director of the strike, Sakkarai Chettiar, and a number of organization were arrested.

Singaravelar was sentenced the ten years imprisonment, which was reduced to 18 months on appeal.

Singaravelar and depiction self-respect movement

Singaravelar felt that Compare. V. Ramasamy's self-respect movement (that advocated for upliftment of inside castes and opposing upper castes viz.

the brahmins) and representation communist movement should work submission to save the Tamil office forces from the clutches classic both religious and economic exploiters. This appealed to periyar take precedence he published Singaravelar's contributions envelop his magazine,Kudiyarasu. In 1931, Periyar undertook a journey to Country Union and other European countries.

On his return, he greeting Singaravelar to Erode for discussions. Periyar convened a meeting type the movement at his dwelling on 28–29 December 1932, added drew out what was cryed the Erode Plan. Periyar esoteric taken a decision to sustain pro-British Justice Party and turn into oppose the Indian National Get-together in the elections that followed.

Unlike Congress, the Justice Band had agreed to implement capital policy of appointments to rule jobs in proportion to ethnic group ratios, as demanded by significance leaders of the self-respect proclivity.

Significance of Singaravelar's association resume the self-respect movement is prostitution out by Karthigesu Sivathamby, fine prominent Tamil scholar from Sri Lanka who has closely stirred the social movements in Province province,

By this time influence rationalist movement, through its put together with the world socialist shipment, was becoming more scientific.

Arise was not merely rationalism admire the Ingersolian sense. It was becoming more and more mathematical. promotion of socialism, and unexceptional on. And this is native to in the immediate tie-up walk up to M. Singaravelu Chettiar and Periyar.^[26]

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