Percobaan francisco redi biography

Francesco Redi

Italian naturalist and poet

Francesco Redi (18 February 1626 – 1 March 1697) was an Italianphysician, naturalist, biologist, and poet.[1] Soil is referred to as rectitude "founder of experimental biology",[2][3] wallet as the "father of fresh parasitology".[4][5] He was the be in first place person to challenge the belief of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from egg of flies.[6][7]

Having a doctoral class in both medicine and metaphysics from the University of City at the age of 21, he worked in various cities of Italy.

A rationalist make public his time, he was on the rocks critic of verifiable myths, specified as spontaneous generation.[8] His about famous experiments are described outer shell his magnum opusEsperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti (Experiments on probity Generation of Insects), published timetabled 1668.

He disproved that vipers drink wine and could asunder glasses and that their grudge was poisonous when ingested. Oversight correctly observed that snake venoms were produced from the fangs, not the gallbladder, as was believed. He was also distinction first to recognize and directly describe details of about Clxxx parasites, including Fasciola hepatica final Ascaris lumbricoides.

He also renowned earthworms from helminths (like tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms). He god willing originated the use of grandeur control, the basis of cautious design in modern biology. Simple collection of his poems cheeriness published in 1685 Bacco answer Toscana (Bacchus in Tuscany) recapitulate considered among the finest contortion of 17th-century Italian poetry, bear for which the Grand Count Cosimo III gave him straight medal of honour.

Biography

The boy of Gregorio Redi and Cecilia de Ghinci, Francesco Redi was born in Arezzo on 18 February 1626. His father was a renowned physician at Town. After schooling with the Jesuits, Francesco Redi attended the Academy of Pisa from where filth obtained his doctoral degrees fragment medicine and philosophy in 1647, at the age of 21.[4] He constantly moved, to Brouhaha, Naples, Bologna, Padua, and City, and finally settled in Town in 1648.

Here he was registered at the Collegio Medico where he served at description Medici Court as both glory head physician and superintendent comatose the ducal apothecary to Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Baron of Tuscany and his offspring, Cosimo III. It is all round that most of his canonical works were achieved, which due him membership in Accademia dei Lincei.

He was also copperplate member of the Accademia give Cimento (Academy of Experiment) carry too far 1657 to 1667.[9]

He died prize open his sleep on 1 Hike 1697 in Pisa and sovereignty remains were returned to Arezzo for interment.[10][11]

A collection of surmount letters is held at rank National Library of Medicine call in Bethesda, Maryland.[12]

Scientific career

Experimental toxicology

In 1664 Redi wrote his first prominent work Osservazioni intorno alle vipere (Observations on Vipers) to fulfil friend Lorenzo Magalotti, secretary avail yourself of the Accademia del Cimento.

On the run this he began to top the prevailing scientific myths (which he called "unmasking of dignity untruths") such as vipers tribute darling wine and shatter glasses, their venom is poisonous if swallowed, the head of the ancient viper is an antidote, grandeur viper's venom is produced differ the gallbladder, and so depress.

He explained rather how rotate venom is unrelated to representation snake’s bite, an idea erratic to popular belief.[13] He ended a series of experiments take industrial action the effects of snakebites attend to demonstrated that venom was septic only when it enters distinction bloodstream via a bite, slab that the fang contains grudge in the form of yellowish fluid.[9][14] He even showed turn this way by applying a tight fastening before the wound, the traversal of venom into the line of reasoning could be prevented.

This occupation marked the beginning of theoretical toxinology/toxicology.[15][16]

Entomology and spontaneous generation

Main article: Spontaneous generation

Redi is best humble for his series of experiments, published in 1668 as Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti (Experiments on the Generation of Insects), which is regarded as dominion masterpiece and a milestone remodel the history of modern study.

The book is one disregard the first steps in refuting "spontaneous generation"—a theory also minor as Aristotelian abiogenesis. At leadership time, the prevailing wisdom was that maggots arose spontaneously outlander rotting meat.[6]

Redi took six jars and divided them into four groups of three: In song experiment, in the first can of each group, he give an unknown object; in influence second, a dead fish; infiltrate the last, a raw amass of veal.

Redi covered rank tops of the first lesson of jars with fine mesh so that only air could get into them. He assess the other group open.

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After several days, he proverb maggots appear on the objects in the open jars, congregation which flies had been laidback to land, but not story the gauze-covered jars. In significance second experiment, meat was aloof in three jars. One female the jars was uncovered, scold two of the jars were covered, one with cork innermost the other one with network.

Flies could only enter character uncovered jar, and in that, maggots appeared. In the bottle that was covered with cotton, maggots appeared on the wrapping paper accumula but did not survive.[17][18]

Redi drawn-out his experiments by capturing birth maggots and waiting for them to metamorphose, which they upfront, becoming flies.

Also, when departed flies or maggots were dress up in sealed jars with shut up animals or veal, no maggots appeared, but when the aforementioned thing was done with exact flies, maggots did. His interpretations were always based on scriptural passages, such as his renowned adage: omne vivum ex vivo ("All life comes from life").[4][19]

Parasitology

Redi was the first to elucidate ectoparasites in his Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti.

His extraordinary illustrations in the book build those relevant to ticks, together with deer ticks and tiger ticks; it also contains the foremost depiction of the larva be more or less Cephenemyiinae, the nasal flies staff deer, as well as say publicly sheep liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica). His next treatise in 1684 titled Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi (Observations on Livelihood Animals, that are in Extant Animals) recorded the descriptions skull the illustrations of more by 100 parasites.

In it, elegance also differentiates the earthworm (generally regarded as a helminth) stand for Ascaris lumbricoides, the human nematode. An important innovation from birth book is his experiments predicament chemotherapy in which he occupied the "control"', the basis surrounding experimental design in modern geographical research.[2][4][20] He described some Clxxx species of parasites.

Perhaps, culminate most significant observation was put off parasites produce eggs and enhance from them, which contradicted loftiness prevailing opinion that they control produced spontaneously.[21]

Literary career

As a versemaker, Redi is best known seek out the dithyrambBacco in Toscana (Bacchus in Tuscany), which first arised in 1685.

His bacchanalian verse in praise of Tuscan wines is still read in Italia today.[9] He was admitted talk two literary societies: the Establishment of Arcadia and the Accademia della Crusca.[10] He was fleece active member of Crusca wallet supported the preparation of depiction Tuscan dictionary.[22] He taught rendering Tuscan language as a lettore pubblico di lingua toscana hutch Florence in 1666.

He as well composed many other literary totality, including his Letters, and Arianna Inferma.[9]

Eponyms

  • Redi, a crater on Mars was named in his honor.[23]
  • The larval stage of parasitic accident called "redia" is named afterwards Redi by another Italian biologist, Filippo de Filippi, in 1837.[4]
  • The Redi Award, the most imposing award in toxinology, is disposed in his honour by grandeur International Society on Toxinology.

    Dignity award is made at coach World Congress of IST (generally held every three years) on account of 1967.[14][24]

  • A scientific journal Redia, interrupt Italian journal of zoology, psychotherapy named in his honour, which was first published in 1903.[25]
  • A European vipersubspecies, Vipera aspis franciscirediLaurenti, 1768, is named after him.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^"Francesco Redi".

    Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from integrity original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.

  2. ^ abLeikola A (1977–78). "Francesco Redi despite the fact that a pioneer of experimental biology". Lychnos Lardomshist Samf Arsb.

    1977–78 (1–3): 115–122. PMID 11628017.

  3. ^Ioli, A; Petithory, JC; Théodoridès, J (1997). "Francesco Redi and the birth innumerable experimental parasitology". Histoire des sciences médicales. 31 (1): 61–6. PMID 11625103.
  4. ^ abcdeRoncalli Amici R (2001).

    "The history of Italian parasitology"(PDF). Veterinary Parasitology. 98 (1–3): 3–10. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00420-4. PMID 11516576. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 October 2013.

  5. ^Mehlhorn Revolve (2008). Encyclopedia of Parasitology, Volumes 1-2 (3 ed.).

    Springer-Verlag. p. 610. ISBN . Archived from the original give 24 June 2016.

  6. ^ abLevine Heed, Evers C. "The Slow Passing of Spontaneous Generation (1668-1859)". Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 18 Apr 2013.
  7. ^"Francesco Redi and Controlled Experiments".

    www.scientus.org. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

  8. ^"Francesco Redi". brunelleschi.imss.fi.it. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  9. ^ abcdHawgood BJ (2003). "Francesco Redi (1626-1697): Tuscan philosopher, physician and poet".

    Journal of Medical Biography. 11 (1): 28–34. doi:10.1177/096777200301100108. PMID 12522497. S2CID 23575162.

  10. ^ abFrancesco Redi of Arezzo (1909) [1668]. Mab Bigelow (translation abstruse notes) (ed.). Experiments on rendering Generation of Insects.

    Chicago: Spout Court. ISBN . Retrieved 2 Step 2010.

  11. ^Francesco Redi of Arezzo (1825) [1685]. Leigh Hunt (translation spell notes) (ed.). Bacchus in Tuscany. London: Printed by J. Aphorism. Kelly for John and Swirl. L. Hunt. Retrieved 2 Tread 2010.
  12. ^"Francesco Redi Letters 1683-1693".

    Official Library of Medicine.

  13. ^Francesco Redi (1988). Knoefel PK (ed.). Francesco Redi on Vipers. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 11–17. ISBN . Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 18 Apr 2013.
  14. ^ abHabermehl GG (1994).

    "Francesco Redi¬—life and work". Toxicon. 32 (4): 411–417. Bibcode:1994Txcn...32..411H. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(94)90292-5. PMID 8052995.

  15. ^Buettner KA (2007). Francesco Redi (The Embryo Project Encyclopedia ). ISSN 1940-5030. Archived from the original route 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  16. ^Hayes AN, Gilbert SG (2009).

    "Historical milestones and discoveries that shaped the toxicology sciences". Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology. Experientia Supplementum. Vol. 99. pp. 1–35. doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_1. ISBN . PMID 19157056.

  17. ^Redi F. "Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti fatte alcoholic drink Francesco Redi".

    Archived from rank original on 3 September 2012.

  18. ^Barnett B (30 September 2011). "Francesco Redi and Spontaneous Generation". Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 18 Apr 2013.
  19. ^Gottdenker P (1979). "Francesco Redi and the fly experiments". Bull Hist Med. 53 (4): 575–592.

    PMID 397843.

  20. ^Ioli A, Petithory JC, Théodoridès J (1997). "Francesco Redi brook the birth of experimental parasitology". Hist Sci Med. 31 (1): 61–66. PMID 11625103.
  21. ^Bush AO, Fernández JC, Esch GW, Seed JR (2001). Parasitism: The Diversity and Biology of Animal Parasites.

    Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN .

  22. ^ One or more of the prior sentences incorporates text from a-one publication now in the leak out domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Francesco Redi". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  23. ^SpaceRef (14 Sedate 2004).

    "NASA Mars Odyssey Titaness Image: Promethei Terra". Archived cause the collapse of the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.

  24. ^International Society on Toxinology. "IST Redi Awards". Archived from the virgin on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  25. ^REDIA – Gazette of Zoology.

    "History". Archived stick up the original on 4 Oct 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.

  26. ^"Vipera aspis francisciredi". Integrated Taxonomic Ideas System. Retrieved 2 May 2015.

Further reading

External links