Tate modern louise bourgeois biography

French-American artist (–)

Not to happen to confused with Louis Bourgeois (disambiguation) or Louyse Bourgeois.

Louise Bourgeois
Louise Bourgeois photographed by Jazzman Mark, New York,
Born	Louise Joséphine Bourgeois ()25 December Paris, France
Died	31 Hawthorn () (aged&#;98) New York City, U.S.
Nationality	French, American
Education
Known&#;for
Notable work	Spider, Cells, Maman, Cumul I, The Destruction of integrity Father
Movement
Spouse	Robert Goldwater &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#;
Children	3, including Jean-Louis Bourgeois
Awards	Praemium Imperiale

Louise Joséphine Bourgeois (French:[lwizbuʁʒwa]^ⓘ; 25 December &#;&#; 31 May )^[1] was a French-American artist.

Although she is best known for bitterness large-scale sculpture and installation side, Bourgeois was also a fecund painter and printmaker. She explored a variety of themes transmission the course of her extensive career including domesticity and rendering family, sexuality and the target, as well as death direct the unconscious.^[2] These themes become a member to events from her minority which she considered to the makings a therapeutic process.

Although Conventional exhibited with the abstract expressionists and her work has deft lot in common with Surrealism and feminist art, she was not formally affiliated with simple particular artistic movement.

Life

Early life

Bourgeois was born on 25 Dec in Paris, France.^[3] She was the middle child of leash born to parents Joséphine Fauriaux and Louis Bourgeois.^[4] Her parents owned a gallery that dealt primarily in antique tapestries.

Neat few years after her parturition, her family moved out come within earshot of Paris and set up far-out workshop for tapestry restoration underneath their apartment in Choisy-le-Roi, intend which Bourgeois filled in loftiness designs where they had understand worn.^[3][5]

In , Bourgeois entered excellence Sorbonne to study mathematics arena geometry, subjects that she esteemed for their stability,^[6][5] saying "I got peace of mind, lone through the study of words nobody could change."^[5]

Her mother mind-numbing in , while Bourgeois was studying mathematics.

Her mother's carnage inspired her to abandon math and to begin studying makebelieve. She continued to study handicraft by joining classes where translators were needed for English-speaking group of pupils, especially because translators were remote charged tuition. In one specified class, Fernand Léger saw cook work and told her she was a sculptor, not unblended painter.^[6] Bourgeois took a function as a docent, leading junkets at the Musée du Louvre.^[7]

Bourgeois graduated from the Sorbonne worry She began studying art flimsy Paris, first at the École des Beaux-Arts and École fall to bits Louvre, and after in say publicly independent academies of Montparnasse concentrate on Montmartre such as Académie Colarossi, Académie Ranson, Académie Julian, Académie de la Grande Chaumière tell off with André Lhote, Fernand Léger, Paul Colin and Cassandre.^[8] Anti-intellectual had a desire for first-hand experience and frequently visited studios in Paris, learning techniques depart from the artists and assisting exact exhibitions.^[9] From to , she is said to have unfree herself to some of say publicly so-called "masters" of the disgust, including Fernand Léger, Paul Colin, and André Lhote.^[10] Later, regardless, Bourgeois became disillusioned with magnanimity conception of patriarchal genius which dominated the art world, spiffy tidy up change motivated in part by means of these masters' refusal to remember women artists.^[10]

In , she unbolt her own gallery in clever space next door to prudent father's tapestry gallery where she showed the work of artists such as Eugène Delacroix, Henri Matisse and Suzanne Valadon,^[11] explode where she met visiting Earth art professor Robert Goldwater though a customer.

They married take moved to the United States (where he taught at Newfound York University). They had link sons; one was adopted. High-mindedness marriage lasted until Goldwater's discourteous in ^[6]

Bourgeois settled in Latest York City with her deposit in She continued her training at the Art Students Confederation of New York, studying portrait under Vaclav Vytlacil, and too producing sculptures and prints.^[5] "The first painting had a grid: the grid is a untangle peaceful thing because nothing potty go wrong everything is put away.

There is no room seek out anxiety everything has a spring, everything is welcome."^[12]

Bourgeois incorporated those autobiographical references to her fashion Quarantania I, on display fell the Cullen Sculpture Garden unexpected result the Museum of Fine Art school, Houston.^[13]

Middle years

For Bourgeois, the perfectly s represented the difficulties company a transition to a additional country and the struggle in depth enter the exhibition world attention New York City.

Her borer during this time was constructed from junkyard scraps and driftwood which she used to piece upright wood sculptures. The filter of the wood were therefore camouflaged with paint, after which nails were employed to imagine holes and scratches in rectitude endeavor to portray some tender feeling. The Sleeping Figure is lone such example which depicts spick war figure that is unqualified to face the real globe due to vulnerability.

Throughout bring about life, Bourgeois's work was begeted from revisiting her own pestered past as she found stimulus and temporary catharsis from mix childhood years and the flak she suffered from her dad. Slowly she developed more elegant confidence, although her middle are more opaque, which muscle be due to the point that she received very slight attention from the art planet despite having her first on one's own show in ^[14] In , her father died and she became an American citizen.^[15]

In , Bourgeois was featured in stupendous exhibition of fourteen women artists at Peggy Guggenheim's Art chastisement This Century, titled The Women.^[10] While this exhibition stimulated analysis about the place of troop artists in the art faux, it also defined them makeover separate from their canonized spear counterparts and reinforced the adverse notion of a universally ladylike experience.

Commenting on her greeting as a woman artist imprison the s, Bourgeois said give it some thought she doesn't "know what spry made by a woman isThere is no feminine experience connect art, at least not solution my case, because not valid by being a woman does one have a different experience."^[10]

In , Bourgeois joined the Denizen Abstract Artists Group, with a few contemporaries, among them Barnett Histrion and Ad Reinhardt.

At that time she also befriended nobleness artists Willem de Kooning, Smudge Rothko, and Jackson Pollock.^[9] Gorilla part of the American Unworldly Artists Group, Bourgeois made glory transition from wood and down structures to marble, plaster, dominant bronze as she investigated events like fear, vulnerability, and disappearance of control.

This transition was a turning point. She referred to her art as fastidious series or sequence closely cognate to days and circumstances, rehearsal her early work as description fear of falling which adjacent transformed into the art chuck out falling and the final phylogeny as the art of lynching in there. Her conflicts family tree real life empowered her abolish authenticate her experiences and struggles through a unique art warp.

In , Bourgeois and move backward husband moved into a terraced house at West 20th Street, in Chelsea, Manhattan, where she lived and worked for rendering rest of her life.^[6]

Despite decency fact that she rejected goodness idea that her art was feminist, Bourgeois's subject was glory feminine.

Works such as Femme Maison (–), Torso self-portrait (–), and Arch of Hysteria (), all depict the feminine entity. In the late s, unite imagery became more explicitly reproductive as she explored the connection between men and women become more intense the emotional impact of give someone the brush-off troubled childhood.

Sexually explicit sculptures such as Janus Fleuri () show she was not worried to use the female hearth in new ways.^[16] She expressed, "My work deals with exigency that are pre-gender", she wrote. "For example, jealousy is shed tears male or female."^[17] Despite that assertion, in Femme Maison was featured on the cover leave undone Lucy Lippard's book From rank Center: Feminist Essays on Women's Art and became an big shot of the feminist art movement.^[1] With the rise of crusade, her work found a open up audience.

Later life

In , Lout started teaching at the Pratt Institute, Cooper Union, Brooklyn Academy and the New York Factory School of Drawing, Painting come first Sculpture. From until , Middleclass worked at the School detect Visual Arts in New Dynasty where she taught printmaking impressive sculpture.^[1] She also taught receive many years in the universal schools in Great Neck, Far ahead Island.

In the early uncompassionate, Bourgeois held gatherings called "Sunday, bloody Sundays" at her children's home in Chelsea. These salons would be filled with young artists and students whose work would be critiqued by Bourgeois. Bourgeois's ruthlessness in critique and give someone the cold shoulder dry sense of humor full of life to the naming of these meetings.

Bourgeois inspired many immature students to make art put off was feminist in nature.^[18] On the contrary, Bourgeois' long-time friend and contributory, Jerry Gorovoy, has stated go off Bourgeois considered her own dike "pre-gender".^[19]

Bourgeois aligned herself with activists and became a member commentary the Fight Censorship Group, dialect trig feminist anti-censorship collective founded inured to fellow artist Anita Steckel.

Market the s, the group defended the use of sexual figurativeness in artwork.^[20] Steckel argued, "If the erect penis is wholesome enough to go progress to museums, it should not do an impression of considered wholesome enough to comprise into women."^[21]

In Bourgeois was appointed by the General Services Direction to create Facets of interpretation Sun, her first public sculpture.^[1] The work was installed case of a federal building groove Manchester, New Hampshire.^[1] Bourgeois everyday her first retrospective in , by the Museum of Latest Art in New York Provide.

Until then, she had antediluvian a peripheral figure in refund whose work was more pet than acclaimed. In an question period with Artforum, timed to fall with the opening of rustle up retrospective, she revealed that birth imagery in her sculptures was wholly autobiographical. She shared sustain the world that she neurotically relived through her art rendering trauma of discovering, as topping child, that her English safeguard was also her father's mistress.^[22][23]

Between the years of and , Bourgeois created a series blond sculptures all under the honour Nature Study which continued cobble together lifetime commitment of challenging fatherly standards and traditional methods forfeiture femininity in art.

In distinction later stages of her existence, Bourgeois continued her exploration snare the use of less customary materials, such as stuffed textile, for her sculptures, thus thought-provoking the accepted elevation of advantageous materials such as bronze succeed stone.^[24]

In , Bourgeois made adroit drypoint etching, Mud Lane, entity the home she maintained always Stapleton, Staten Island, which she treated as a sculptural nature rather than a living space.^[25]

Bourgeois had another retrospective in take into account Documenta 9 in Kassel, Germany.^[14] In , when the Queenlike Academy of Arts staged close-fitting comprehensive survey of American move off in the 20th century, representation organizers did not consider Bourgeois's work of significant importance be selected for include in the survey.^[22] In spite of that, this survey was criticized instruct many omissions, with one commentator writing that "whole sections raise the best American art accept been wiped out" and direction out that very few body of men were included.^[26] In her activity were selected to be shown at the opening of goodness Tate Modern in London.^[14] Upgrade , she showed at glory Hermitage Museum.^[27]

In , the take year of her life, Materialistic used her art to say up for lesbian, gay, ac/dc and transgender (LGBT) equality.

She created the piece I Do, depicting two flowers growing go over the top with one stem, to benefit birth nonprofit organization Freedom to Join. Bourgeois has said "Everyone requisite have the right to wife. To make a commitment stunt love someone forever is expert beautiful thing."^[28] Bourgeois had great history of activism on interest of LGBT equality, having composed artwork for the AIDS up organization ACT UP in ^[29]

Death

Bourgeois died of heart failure fit of pique 31 May , at say publicly Beth Israel Medical Center get in touch with Manhattan.^[30][5] Wendy Williams, the directorate director of the Louise Materialistic Studio, announced her death.^[5] She had continued to create cut until her death, her christian name pieces being finished the workweek before.^[31]

The New York Times aforesaid that her work "shared neat as a pin set of repeated themes, concentrated on the human body service its need for nurture suffer protection in a frightening world".^[5]

Her husband, Robert Goldwater, died sketch She was survived by three sons, Alain Bourgeois and Jean-Louis Bourgeois.

Her first son, Michel, died in ^[32]

Work

See also: Assign of artworks by Louise Bourgeois

Femme Maison

Main article: Femme Maison

Femme Maison (–47) is a series eradicate paintings in which Bourgeois explores the relationship of a female and the home.

In depiction works, women's heads have back number replaced with houses, isolating their bodies from the outside nature and keeping their minds attendant. This theme goes along elegant the dehumanization of modern art.^[33]

Destruction of the Father

Destruction of influence Father () is a returns and a psychological exploration have a high opinion of the power dominance of sire and his offspring.

The quantity is a flesh-toned installation delight a soft and womb-like area. Made of plaster, latex, home and dry, fabric, and red light, Destruction of the Father was loftiness first piece in which she used soft materials on uncluttered large scale. Upon entering magnanimity installation, the viewer stands inferior the aftermath of a villainy.

Set in a stylized dining room (with the dual imitate of a bedroom), the celestial blob-like children of an presumptuous father have rebelled, murdered, spreadsheet eaten him.^[34]

telling the internee audience how great he review, all the wonderful things noteworthy did, all the bad exercises he put down today.

However this goes on day associate day. There is tragedy gauzy the air. Once too generally he has said his copy. He is unbearably dominating even if probably he does not conceive it himself. A kind conjure resentment grows and one grant my brother and I undeniable, 'the time has come!' Phenomenon grabbed him, laid him repulsion the table and with last-ditch knives dissected him.

We took him apart and dismembered him, we cut off his member. And he became food. Awe ate him up he was liquidated the same way dirt liquidated the children.^{[35][failed verification]}

Exorcism tenuous art

In , the Museum presumption Modern Art in New Dynasty City featured the unknown manager Louise Bourgeois' work.

She was 70 years old and a- mixed media artist who niminy-piminy on paper and with metallic, marble and animal skeletal repair. Childhood family traumas "bred mediocre exorcism in art", and she desperately attempted to purge absorption unrest through her work. She felt she could get show touch with issues of ladylike identity, the body, and excellence fractured family long before authority art world and society ostensible them as subjects to take off expressed in art.

This was Bourgeois' way to find set aside center and stabilize her tasty unrest. The New York Times said at the time defer "her work is charged agree with tenderness and violence, acceptance suggest defiance, ambivalence and conviction".^[36]

Cells

While bit her eighties, Bourgeois produced match up series of enclosed installation complex she referred to as Cells.

Many are small enclosures puncture which the viewer is prompted to peer inward at channel of symbolic objects; others industry small rooms into which loftiness viewer is invited to quash. In the cell pieces, Lout uses earlier sculptural forms, construct objects as well as wildcat items that carried strong exact emotional charge for the magician.

The cells enclose psychological concentrate on intellectual states, primarily feelings as a result of fear and pain. Bourgeois presumed that the Cells represent "different types of pain; physical, enthusiastic and psychological, mental and bookish Each Cell deals with fastidious fear. Fear is pain Inculcate Cell deals with the enjoyment of the voyeur, the kick of looking and being looked at."^[37]

Maman

Main article: Maman (sculpture)

In interpretation late s, Bourgeois began waste the spider as a middle image in her art.

Maman, which stands more than niner metres high, is a stiletto and marble sculpture from which an edition of six bronzes were subsequently cast. It pass with flying colours made an appearance as apportionment of Bourgeois's commission for Representation Unilever Series for Tate Modern's Turbine Hall in , be first recently, the sculpture was installed at the Qatar National Congress Centre in Doha, Qatar.^[38] Companion largest spider sculpture titled Maman stands at over 30 hooves (&#;m) and has been installed in numerous locations around primacy world.^[39] It is the paramount Spider sculpture ever made strong Bourgeois.^[35] Moreover, Maman alludes peel the strength of her matriarch, with metaphors of spinning, weaving, nurture and protection.^[35] The popularity of the spider motif comport yourself her work has given sort to her nickname as Spiderwoman.^[40]

The Spider is an ode switch over my mother.

She was forlorn best friend. Like a wanderer, my mother was a weaverbird. My family was in justness business of tapestry restoration, sports ground my mother was in self-control of the workshop. Like spiders, my mother was very trustworthy. Spiders are friendly presences think about it eat mosquitoes. We know ensure mosquitoes spread diseases and rush therefore unwanted.

So, spiders object helpful and protective, just come out my mother.

—&#;Louise Bourgeois^[35]

Maisons fragiles Lp = \'long playing\' Empty Houses

Bourgeois's Maisons fragiles Note Empty Houses sculptures are favour, high metallic structures supporting topping simple tray.

One must bare them in person to tactility blow their impact. They are turn on the waterworks threatening or protecting, but bring about out the depths of uneasiness within you. Bachelard's findings do too much psychologists' tests show that potent anxious child will draw unembellished tall narrow house with thumb base. Bourgeois had a rocky/traumatic childhood and this could finance the reason behind why these pieces were constructed.^[12]

Printmaking

Bourgeois's printmaking flourished during the early and go hard phases of her career: well-heeled the s and s, in the way that she first came to Newborn York from Paris, and fuel again starting in the brutal, when her work began softsoap receive wide recognition.

Early curb, she made prints at voters on a small press, combine at the renowned workshop Workshop That period was followed do without a long hiatus, as Middleclass turned her attention fully lecture to sculpture. It was not till such time as she was in her decennary that she began to consider prints again, encouraged first get ahead of print publishers.

She set simulate her old press, and extra a second, while also fundamental closely with printers who came to her house to cooperate. A very active phase be paid printmaking followed, lasting until prestige artist's death. Over the track of her life, Bourgeois authored approximately 1, printed compositions.

In , Bourgeois decided to pledge the complete archive of sum up printed work to the Museum of Modern Art.

In , the museum launched the on the web catalogue raisonné.^[41] The site focuses on the artist's creative occasion and places Bourgeois's prints sit illustrated books within the structure of her overall production wishywashy including related works in new mediums that deal with significance same themes and imagery.

Themes and critique

One theme of Bourgeois's work is that of minority trauma and hidden emotion.^[42] Abaft Louise's mother became sick reach influenza, Louise's father began acceptance affairs with other women, height notably with Sadie, Louise's Morally tutor.

He would bring mistresses back home and be deceitful in front of his entire family.^[11] Louise was extremely observant and aware of the phase. This was the beginning light the artist's engagement with stand-in standards related to gender move sexuality, which was expressed turn a profit much of her work. She recalls her father saying "I love you" repeatedly to her walking papers mother, despite infidelity.

"He was the wolf, and she was the rational hare, forgiving snowball accepting him as he was."^[43]

Motherhood is another recurrent theme accomplish Bourgeois's work. It was come together mother who encouraged Bourgeois talk draw and who involved mix in the tapestry business. Middleclass considered her mother to have reservations about intellectual and methodical; the drawn-out motif of the spider collective her work often represents turn down mother.^[44] The notion of copperplate spider that spins and weaves its web is a govern reference to her parents' cloth business and can also live seen as a metaphor mean her mother, who repairs things.^[11]

Bourgeois has explored the concept work for femininity through challenging the patriarchic standards and making artwork keep in mind motherhood rather than showing detachment as muses or ideals.^[42] She has been described as birth 'reluctant hero of feminist art'.^[45] Bourgeois had a feminist manner of speaking to her work similar afflict fellow artists such as Agnes Martin and Eva Hesse, grim driven by the political on the contrary rather made work that player on their experiences of sex and sexuality, naturally engaging trappings women's issues.^[11]

Architecture and memory unwanted items important components of Bourgeois's work.^[46] Bourgeois's work are very radical, biological, reproductive feel to them; they draw attention to ethics work itself.^[11] Bourgeois describes building as a visual expression carry out memory, or memory as nifty type of architecture.

The commemoration which is featured in more of her work is modification invented memory – about rectitude death or exorcism of complex father. The imagined memory task interwoven with her real journals including living across from dinky slaughterhouse and her father's business. To Louise her father minuscule injury and war, aggrandizement discount himself and belittlement of excess and most importantly a guy who represented betrayal.^[43]

Bourgeois's work deference powered by confessions, self-portraits, life story, fantasies of a restless stare who is seeking through circlet sculpture a peace and uncorrupted order which were missing all over her childhood.^[12]

The art critic Christopher Allen described Bourgeois in The Australian newspaper in as "chronically overrated" and as "a insufficient artist raised by the uninteresting demand for a 'modern master' to a level at which her weakness and inadequacy aim inescapably apparent."^[47]

Collaboration

Do Not Abandon Me

This collaboration took place over capital span of two years eradicate British artist Tracey Emin.

Prestige work was exhibited in Author months after Bourgeois's death riposte The subject matter consists tension male and female images. Even supposing they appear sexual, it portrays a tiny female figure remunerative homage to a giant 1 figure, like a God. Anti-intellectual did the water colors stand for Tracey Emin did the design on top.

It took Emin two years to decide acquire to figure out what she would contribute in the partnership. When she knew what accost do, she finished all diagram the drawings in a gift and believes every single creep worked out perfectly. I Lacking You is about losing race, losing life. Bourgeois had hold on to bury her son as fine parent.

Abandonment for her testing not only about losing smear mother but her son monkey well. Despite the age void between the two artists at an earlier time differences in their work, illustriousness collaboration worked out gently reprove easily.^{[48][according to whom?]}

Notable exhibitions stand for site-specific projects (selection)

Bourgeois' work continues to be exhibited in museums and public spaces through dignity shape of site-specific installations beware the world.

For example, goodness Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Spotlight (MASS MoCA), North Adams, has presented a collection of leadership artist's pieces in marble endure other materials for nearly calligraphic decade.^[49][50]

The large-scale sculpture Maman, erred by the Itaú Cultural League in and lent to ethics São Paulo Museum of Advanced Art, Brazil, was sent stupendous a multi-city tour to institutions and public areas such tempt the Inhotim Institute in Minas Gerais, the Iberê Camargo Base in Porto Alegre, and grow to the Oscar Niemeyer Museum in Curitiba.^[51]

In , Bourgeois make a hole was featured in a bigger group show at the Pérez Art Museum Miami, Florida.

My Body, My Rules, presented spruce investigating about the diverse discriminating practices of 23 female-identified artists in the 21st-century. Carolee Schneemann, Cindy Sherman, Lorna Simpson, Accumulation Mendieta, Wanguechi Mutu, Mickalene Clockmaker, and Francesca Woodman, were centre of them.^[52][53]

Selected works

Bibliography

Documentary

Exhibitions

• &#;&#; Persistent Antagonism at San Francisco Museum of Modern Section, San Francisco.
• &#;&#; Untitled at Art Alliance of Chicago, Chicago.
• &#;&#; Untitled at Popular Academy of Design, New Royalty City.
• &#;&#; Number Seventy-Two at Storm Tragic Art Center, Mountainville, New York.
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois, at the Museum advice Modern Art, New York City.
• &#;&#; Eyes, marble sculpture, at Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
• &#;&#; Nature Study: Eyes at Albright-Knox Erupt Gallery, Buffalo, New York.
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Sculpture – at Gallery Paule Anglim, San Francisco, California.
• &#;&#; Sainte Sebastienne at Dallas Museum of Position, Dallas.
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Recent Work fight U.S.

  Pavilion, 45th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy.^[55]

• &#;&#; Helping Hands in flat display at Chicago Women's Leave & Gardens as of , Chicago.^[56]
• &#;&#; The Prints of Louise Propertied at the Museum of Fresh Art, New York City.
• &#;&#; The Not right at San Francisco Museum adequate Modern Art, San Francisco.
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: The Locus of Memory, Writings actions – at the Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, and the Corcoran House of Art, Washington, D.C.
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: The Locus of Memory, Entirety – at Galerie Rudolfinum, Prague.
• &#;&#; Maman at Kemper Museum of Latest Art, Kansas City.
• &#;&#; Maman at Philanthropist Museum Bilbao.
• &#;&#; Granite eyeball benches gift 25' bronze water fountain, recoil Agnes R.

  Katz Plaza, City. Sculptures are currently on invariable display.

• &#;&#; Fallen Woman at Galleria d'arte moderna Palazzo Forti&#;[it], Verona.
• &#;&#; Maman deem Tate Modern, London.
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois squabble Centre Pompidou, Paris, 5 Go by shanks`s pony – 2 June ^[57]
• &#;&#; Louise Barbarian Full Career Retrospective at Reasonable R.

  Guggenheim Museum, New Dynasty City.^[58]

• &#;&#; Nature Study at Inverleith Dynasty, Edinburgh.
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois for Capodimonte efficient National Museum of Capodimonte, Naples.
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Moi, Eugénie Grandet, examine processus d'identification at Maison eruption Balzac, Paris.
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: The Web paper Works, at Fondazione Vedova Venezia.

  Travelling to Hauser & Wirth, London.

• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Mother and Daughter at Gallery Paule Anglim, San Francisco, California.
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: À L'Infini at Fondation Beyeler, Riehen, Bale, 3 September – 8 Jan
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois. The Return admire the Repressed, at Fundación Proa, Buenos Aires.

  Travelling to Instituto Tomie Ohtake, São Paulo, shaft Museu de Arte Moderna, City de Janeiro.

• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois (–) battle the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 21 Apr – 18 March
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Conscious and Unconscious at probity Qatar Museums Gallery, Katara, Bida, Qatar, 20 January – 1 June ^[59]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: The Reimburse of The Repressed at Analyst Museum, London, 7 March – 27 May ^[60]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Mediate Works at Heide Museum slow Modern Art, Melbourne, 24 Nov – 11 March ^[61]
• &#;&#; Louise Propertied – at Museum of Virgin Canadian Art, 22 June – 11 August ^[62]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Dinky Woman Without Secrets at Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, 18 July – 12 October ^[63]
• &#;&#; ARTIST ROOMS: Louise Bourgeois: A Lass Without Secrets at Southampton Get into Art Gallery, 16 January – 18 April ^[64]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois.

  Structures of Existence: the Cells extra Haus der Kunst, Munich, Frg, 27 February – 2 Revered ^[65]

• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: I Have Antiquated to Hell and Back maw Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden, 14 February – 17 May ^[66]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Structures of Existence: High-mindedness Cells at Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain, Exhibition date: 18 Pace – 4 September ^[67]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Turning Inwards at Hauser & Wirth, Switzerland, 2 October – 1 January ^[68]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Anthropoid Nature: Doing, Undoing, Redoing batter Kistefos Museum and Sculpture Standin, Jevnaker, Norway, 21 May – 9 October ^[69]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Spiders at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 7 Oct – 4 September ^[70]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: Twosome at Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv, State, 7 September – 17 Feb ^[71]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: An Unfolding Representation at the Museum of Today's Art, New York City, 24 September – 28 January ^[72]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: The Empty House turn-up for the books Schinkel Pavillon (Berlin-Mitte)&#;[de], 21 Apr – 29 July ^[73]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois: To Unravel a Torment bogus Glenstone Museum, Potomac, Maryland, 10 May – 1 January ^[74]
• &#;&#; Louise Bourgeois & Alex van Gelder at UM Museum, Seoul, Southeast Korea, 1 October – 31 December ^[75]
• &#;&#; Abels, Carolyn, "Katz Plaza in Cultural District deterioration Dedicated", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (vol.

  73, no. , p. B-1)

• &#;&#; Louise Ignoramus, Freud's Daughter at Jewish Museum (Manhattan), 21 May – 12 September ^[76][77]
• – Louise Bourgeois: Has the Day Invaded probity Night or Has the Dimness Invaded the Day?, Art Audience of New South Wales, Country, 25 November – 28 Apr ^[78]
• – Louise Bourgeois: Frenzied have been to hell near back.

  And let me location you, it was wonderful. Mori Art Museum, Tokyo.

Recognition

• Mary Beth Edelson's Some Living American Unit Artists / Last Supper () appropriated Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the heads of notable women artists collaged over the heads of Monarch and his apostles. Bourgeois was among those notable women artists.

  This image, addressing the duty of religious and art reliable iconography in the subordination scholarship women, became "one of high-mindedness most iconic images of magnanimity feminist art movement".^[79][80]

• Honorary degree from Yale University
• Fellow time off the American Academy of Humanities and Sciences^[81]
• Elected into Public Academy of Design^[82]
• Edward Composer Medal, MacDowell Colony, Peterborough, Virgin Hampshire^[83][84]
• Lifetime Achievement in Of the time Sculpture Award (Hamilton, New Shirt, USA)
• National Medal of Arts
• Praemium Imperiale for lifetime achievement
• Golden Lion at the City Biennale
• Wolf Foundation Prize attach the Arts (Jerusalem)
• Austrian Ornamentation for Science and Art^[85]
• Own Order of the Legion encourage Honour
• Commanderesse exquise, Arrangeuse fall to bits monde Collège de Pataphysique, Advanced York, Ordre de la Grande Gidouille&#;[fr]^[86]
• Honored by the Not public Women's Hall of Fame

Collections

Major money of her work include:

Throughout her career, Bourgeois knew numerous of her core collectors, specified as Ginny Williams, Agnes Gund, Ydessa Hendeles and Ursula Hauser.^[94] Other private collections with stiff Bourgeois pieces include the Goetz Collection in Munich.^[94]

Art market

Bourgeois under way working with gallerist Paule Anglim in San Francisco in , Karsten Greve in Paris advance , and Hauser & Wirth in Hauser & Wirth has been the principal gallery hire her estate.

Others, such hoot Kukje Gallery in Seoul forward Xavier Hufkens in Brussels come and get somebody to deal in her work.^[94]

In one of Bourgeois's works, called Spider, sold for $ mint, a new record price type the artist at auction,^[95] view the highest price paid compel a work by a girl at the time.^[96] In rise , the piece sold dubious another Christie's auction for $ million.^[97]

References