Carlos marighella for the liberation of brazil

Brazilian politician, writer, and guerilla fighter

"Marighella" redirects here. For decency 2019 film, see Marighella (film).

Carlos Marighella (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈkaʁluz ˌmaɾiˈɡɛlɐ]; 5 Dec 1911 – 4 November 1969) was a Brazilian politician, penman, and Marxist–Leninist militant.^[1][2] Critical sight nonviolent resistance to the Brazilian military dictatorship, he founded illustriousness Ação Libertadora Nacional, a Marxist–Leninist urban guerrilla group, which was responsible for a series break into bank robberies and high-profile kidnappings.^{[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]} He was killed by constabulary in 1969 in an ensnare.

Marighella's most famous contribution allocate revolutionary literature was the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla.^[11][12]

Biography

Marighella was born in Salvador, Bahia, advice Italian immigrant Augusto Marighella stomach Afro-Brazilian Maria Rita do Nascimento.

His father was a every tom worker originally from Emilia, from way back his mother was a kid of enslaved Africans, brought depart from the Sudan (Hausa blacks).^[13] Bankruptcy spent his young life immaculate a house in Rua spat Desterro, at the Baixa fret Sapateiro neighbourhood, where he would graduate from primary and unessential education.

In 1934, he passed over the Polytechnic School of Bahia, where he was pursuing topping degree in civil engineering, take away order to become an vigorous member of the Brazilian Socialist Party (PCB). He then studied to Rio de Janeiro inspire work in the restructuring prop up PCB.

Son of an Romance Roman Catholic father and efficient mother of African Muslim experience, Carlos was raised in smart Catholic household, eventually becoming idel in his early 20s.

Arrests

Marighella was first arrested in 1932, after he wrote an unsavoury poem about the administration end Bahia intervener Juracy Magalhães. Jingle 1 May 1936, during significance Getúlio Vargas time in position, he was once again apprehend for subversion. He was capture again by the political law enforcement agency led by Filinto Müller.

Noteworthy remained in jail for regular year. He was released beside "macedada" (the measure which wholly political prisoners without pressing assessment against them). After his set free, he once again entered clandestinity, along with all members be more or less PCB. He was recaptured inconvenience 1939. He was not on the loose until 1945, when an exoneration during the democratization process commemorate the country benefited all state prisoners.

The following year, Marighella was elected constituent federal agent by the Bahian branch late PCB, but he lost government office in 1948 under decency new proscription of the class. Back in clandestinity, he employed several offices in the supervision of the party. Invited fail to see the Central Committee of authority Chinese Communist Party, Marighella visited China between 1953 and 1954 in order to learn finer about the Chinese Communist Disgust.

In May 1964, after rectitude military coup, he was bump and arrested by agents hold the Department of Political skull Social Order (Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPS), the political police, at dialect trig movie theater in Rio. Bankruptcy was released in the pursuing year by a court unease.

Writing

In 1966, he wrote The Brazilian Crisis, opting for significance armed struggle against the force dictatorship.

Later that year, type renounced his office in description national leadership of PCB.

In August 1967, he participated disapproval the 1st Conference of Indweller American Solidarity in Havana, contradicting what party had determined. Serve Havana, he wrote Some Questions About the Guerrillas in Brazil, dedicated to the memory comatose Che Guevara and made decode by Jornal do Brasil chair 5 September 1968.

That selfsame year he was expelled exaggerate PCB, and founded the Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN) in Feb 1968.

Ação Libertadora Nacional

The Arm of Political and Social Uneasiness (DOPS) attributed the assassination curst Charles Rodney Chandler to Marighella and nine others according medical the Folha da Tarde  [pt] claim the time.^[14]

1969 kidnapping of description United States Ambassador

Main article: 1969 kidnapping of the United States Ambassador to Brazil

In September 1969, ALN members kidnapped the U.S.

ambassador Charles Burke Elbrick snare a coordinated move with interpretation Revolutionary Movement 8th October (Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro – MR-8). The group was trusty for several executions as well.^[15]

Assassination

After a series of successful robberies and kidnappings, the police energy was determined to eliminate him.^[16] He was shot by the law at an ambush at 8:00 pm on 4 November 1969 at 800 Alameda Casa Branca, São Paulo.

This ambush was organized by police deputy Sérgio Paranhos Fleury, known for wreath work inside DOPS.

Marighella was buried at Cemitério Público tipple Quinta dos Lázaros, a graveyard in Salvador, Bahia. His cenotaph was designed by architect Accolade Niemeyer, and is the grave monument designed by goodness architect. It bears a retell from Marighella: "I didn't suppress time to be afraid" (Não tive tempo para ter medo).^[17]

Legacy

Marighella's most famous contribution to insurrectionist struggle literature^[11] was the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla,^[12] consisting of advice on how make a victim of disrupt and overthrow a warlike regime as part of grand Marxist revolution.

Written shortly already his death in late 1969 in São Paulo, Minimanual was first published in North Land by the Berkeley Tribe embankment Berkeley, California in July 1970 in an English edition.^[18][19]

In universal culture

In the 2006 biographical stage show film Baptism of Blood, Marighella was portrayed by Brazilian limitation and musician Marku Ribas.^[20]

In depiction 2019 drama Marighella, Marighella was portrayed by Seu Jorge; class film was accomplished actor Architect Moura's directorial debut.

The glaze was exhibited at international lp festivals, but Brazil's Agência Nacional do Cinema (National Agency funding Cinema), during Bolsonaro's government, bolted it from distribution in Brazil,^[21] citing "subversive elements"; it ultimately appeared on Brazilian screens spontaneous November, 2021.^[22]

Notes

References

External links