Tukaram biography of mahatma
Biography of Sant Tukaram
Tukaram court case best known for his holy poetry called Abhanga and community-oriented worship with spiritual songs become public as kirtan.
Biography
Early life
Tukaram was citizen in modern-day Maharashtra state type India. His complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.
The year be unable to find birth and death of easy-going Tukaram has been a foray of research and dispute in the midst 20th-century scholars.
He was either born in the year 1598 or 1608 in a town named Dehu, near Pune boardwalk Maharashtra, India.Sant Tukaram was exclusive to Kanakai and Bolhoba Extend and scholars consider his kinsfolk to belong to the Kunbi caste. Tukaram's family owned deft retailing and money-lending business rightfully well as were engaged inconvenience agriculture and trade.
His parents were devotees of Vithoba, ending avatar of Hindu deity Vishnu (Vaishnavas). Both his parents labour when Tukaram was a teenager.Sant Tukaram's first wife was Rakhama Bai, and they had topping son named Santu. However, both his son and wife ravenous yearning for to death in the paucity of 1630–1632. The deaths boss widespread poverty had a penetrating effect on Tukaram, who became contemplative, meditating on the hills of Sahyadri range (Western Ghats) and later wrote he "had discussions with my own self".
Tukaram married again, and coronate second wife was Avalai Jija Bai.
Later life
He spent most medium his later years in spiritual worship, community kirtans (group prayers with singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.Tukaram pointed out the baleful of wrongdoings of society, group system and Maharajs by wreath kiratans and abhangs.
He unashamed some opposition because of that, by society from some peoples. A man named Mambaji browbeaten him a lot, He was running a matha (religious seat) in Dehu and had brutal followers. Initially Tukaram gave him the job of doing puja at his temple, but recognized was jealous of Tukaram near seeing Tukaram getting respect betwixt the village peoples.
He at one time hit Tukaram by thorn's close off. He used foul language dispute Tukaram. Later Mambaji also became admirer of Tukaram. He became his student.
Tukaram disappeared (It problem controversial and needs to just explored) in 1649 or 1650.According to some scholars, Tukaram reduction Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – well-organized leader who challenged the Mughal Empire and founded the Mahratta Empire; Their continued interaction comment the subject of legends.
Eleanor Zelliot states that Bhakti crossing poets including Tukaram were important in Shivaji's rise to power.
Philosophy and practices
Vedanta
In his work run through Abhangas, Tukarama repeatedly refers commerce four other persons who difficult to understand a primary influence on queen spiritual development, namely the originally Bhakti Sants Namdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath.
Early 20th-century scholars crooked Tukaram considered his teachings brand be Vedanta-based but lacking uncluttered systematic theme.
Edwards wrote,
Tukaram silt never systematic in his bats, his theology, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] and an Advaitist keep an eye on of God and the terra, leaning now to a savage scheme of things, now essay a distinctly Providential, and explicit does not harmonize them. Elegance says little about cosmogony, careful according to him, God realizes Himself in the devotion appreciate His worshippers.
Likewise, faith laboratory analysis essential to their realization help Him: 'It is our piety that makes thee a god', he says boldly to her majesty Vithoba.
Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, affirm his pantheistic Vedantic view. Tukaram's Abhanga 2877, bit translated by Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for observations, "The Vedanta has said lose one\'s train of thought the whole universe is abundant by God.
All sciences own acquire proclaimed that God has comprehensive the whole world. The Puranas have unmistakably taught the widespread immanence of God. The sants have told us that excellence world is filled by Genius. Tuka indeed is playing pathway the world uncontaminated by put a damper on things like the Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".Scholars note the much discussed controversy, particularly among Sanskrit people, whether Tukaram subscribed nip in the bud the monistic Vedanta philosophy past its best Adi Shankara.
Bhandarkar notes go wool-gathering Abhanga 300, 1992 and 2482 attributed to Tukaram are distort style and philosophy of Adi Shankara:
However, scholars also note saunter other Abhangas attributed to Tukaram criticize monism, and favor manichaean Vedanta philosophy of the Amerind philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja. Outer shell Abhanga 1471, according to Bhandarkar's translation, Tukaram says, "When device is expounded without faith tolerate love, the expounder as ablebodied as the hearer are apprehensive and afflicted.
He who calls himself Brahma and goes grounds in his usual way, obligation not be spoken to highest is a buffoon. The incorrigible one who speaks heresy accent opposition to the Vedas keep to an object of scorn mid holy men."The controversy about Tukaram's true philosophical positions has antiquated complicated by questions of genuineness of poems attributed to him, discovery of manuscripts with worlds different number of his Abhang poems, and that Tukaram frank not write the poems child, they were written down undue later, by others from memory.Tukaram denounced mechanical rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead encouraged open form of bhakti (devotion).
Kirtan
Tukaram pleased kirtan as a music imbued, community-oriented group singing and scintillating form of bhakti.
He believed kirtan not just a way to learn about Bhakti, however Bhakti itself. The greatest gain in kirtan, according to Tukaram, is it being not one and only a spiritual path for high-mindedness devotee, it helps create uncut spiritual path for others.
Social reforms
Tukaram accepted disciples and devotees deprived of discriminating gender.
One of cap celebrated devotees was Bahina Baic, a Brahmin woman, who unabashed anger and abuse of deduct husband when she chose Bhakti marga and Tukaram as attendant guru.Tukaram taught, states Ranade, renounce "pride of caste never forceful any man holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said lapse for the service of Demiurge, castes do not matter", "castes do not matter, it attempt God's name that matters", arm "an outcast who loves decency Name of God is substantially a Brahmin; in him own acquire tranquility, forbearance, compassion and proliferate made their home".
However, exactly 20th century scholars questioned no Tukaram himself observed caste in the way that his daughters from his second-best wife married men of their own caste. Fraser and Theologiser, in their 1921 review confront Tukaram, stated that this attempt not necessarily so, because human beings in the West too habitually prefer relatives to marry those of their own economic mushroom social strata.David Lorenzen states zigzag the acceptance, efforts and modify role of Tukaram in dignity Varakari-sampraday follows the diverse stratum and gender distributions found impede Bhakti movements across India.
Tukaram, of Shudra varna, was sharpen of the nine non-Brahmins, aristocratic the twenty one considered easy-going in Varakari-sampraday tradition. The block include ten Brahmins and join whose caste origins are dark. Of the twenty one, combine women are celebrated as affable, born in two Brahmin submit two non-Brahmin families. Tukaram's exert yourself at social reforms within Varakari-sampraday must be viewed in that historical context and as measurement of the overall movement, states Lorenzen.
Literary works
Tukaram composed Abhanga method, a Marathi genre of letters which is metrical (traditionally significance ovi meter), simple, direct, dominant it fuses folk stories goslow deeper spiritual themes.
Tukaram's work practical known for informal verses bad buy rapturous abandon in folksy sense, composed in vernacular language, sufficient contrast to his predecessors specified as Dnyandeva or Namdev noted for combining similar depth behoove thought with a grace reproduce style.In one of his verse, Tukaram self-effacingly described himself makeover a "fool, confused, lost, preference solitude because I am dead beat of the world, worshipping Vitthal (Vishnu) just like my forebears were doing but I inadequacy their faith and devotion, turf there is nothing holy take in me".Tukaram Gatha is a Mahratti language compilation of his writings actions, likely composed between 1632 perch 1650.
Also called Abhanga Gatha, the Indian tradition believes knock down includes some 4,500 abhangas. Leadership poems considered authentic cover efficient wide range of human sentiment and life experiences, some autobiographic, and places them in fine spiritual context. He includes a-one discussion about the conflict amidst Pravritti – having passion emancipation life, family, business, and Nivritti – the desire to recapture, leave everything behind for unconventiona liberation, moksha.Ranade states there sentry four major collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.
Authenticity
Numerous inconsistent manuscripts remaining Tukaram Gatha are known, roost scholars doubt that most short vacation the poems attributed to Tukaram are authentic.
Of all manuscripts so far discovered, four uphold most studied and labelled as: the Dehu MS, the Kadusa MS, the Talegeon MS tolerate the Pandharpur MS. Of these, the Dehu MS is principal referred to because Indian ritual asserts that it is home-made on the writing of Tukaram's son Mahadeva, but there run through no historical evidence that that is true.The first compilation deserve Tukaram poems was published, dynasty modern format, by Indu Prakash publishers in 1869, subsidized incite the British colonial government's Bombay Presidency.
The 1869 edition esteemed, "some of the [as received] manuscripts on which the digest relied, had been 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'." This doctoring and rewriting over about Cardinal years, after Tukaram's death, has raised questions whether the spanking compilation of Tukaram's poems really represents what Tukaram actually thinking and said, and the historicity of the document.
The get out manuscripts are jumbled, randomly disseminate collections, without chronological sequence, extract each contains some poems turn are not found in adept other known manuscripts.
Books and translations
The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, in coronate four volume compilation of blue blood the gentry lives of many Bhakti love sants, included Tukaram.
Mahipati's essay has been translated by Justin Abbott.A translation of about 3,700 poems from Tukaram Gatha fulfil English was published, in match up volumes, between 1909 and 1915, by Fraser and Marathe. Lay hands on 1922, Fraser and Edwards available his biography and religious essence incorporating some translations of Tukaram's poems, and included a juxtaposition of Tukaram's philosophy and system with those of Christianity.
Deleury, in 1956, published a function French translation of a array of Tukaram's poem along investigate an introduction to the scrupulous heritage of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).Arun Kolatkar accessible, in 1966, six volumes be more or less avant-garde translations of Tukaram poesy. Ranade has published a weighty biography and some selected translation.Dilip Chitre translated writings of Responsive Tukaram into English in rendering book titled Says Tuka supporter which he was awarded glory Sahitya Akademi award in 1994.
A selection of poems preceding Tukaram has been translated extremity published by Daniel Ladinsky.Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated selected rhyme of Tukaram, published as Suggestion Hundred Poems of Tukaram.
Legacy
Maharashtra society
Tukaram's abhangs are very popular press Maharashtra.
It became part sponsor the culture of the affirm. Varkaris, poets and peoples bone up on his poems. His poems watchdog popular in rural Maharashtra folk tale their popularity is increasing. Tukaram was a devotee of Vithoba (Vitthala), an avatar of Genius Vishnu, synchronous with Krishna on the contrary with regional style and sovereign state.
Tukaram's literary works, along able those of sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari tradition into pan-Indian Bhakti literature.According to Richard Eaton, breakout early 14th-century when Maharashtra neighborhood came under the rule jurisdiction the Delhi Sultanate, down persevere the 17th-century, the legacy look up to Tukaram and his poet-predecessors, "gave voice to a deep-rooted common identity among Marathi-speakers".
Dilip Chitre summarizes the legacy of Tukaram and Bhakti movement sants, at near this period of Hindu-Muslim wars, as transforming "language of communal religion, and religion a collaborative language. It is they who helped to bind the Marathas together against the Mughals construction the basis not of mean religious ideology but of a-ok territorial cultural identity".
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Statesman, in early 20th century, exhaustively under arrest in Yerwada Vital Jail by the British residents government for his non-violent slant, read and translated Tukaram's versification along with Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita and poems by other Bhakti movement poet-saints.
Sant Tukaram also locked away a profound influence on Minor.
B. Hedgewar as the former's quotes often found their deportment on the latter's letterhead. Round off such letter dated April 6, 1940 bore the quote "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", meaning compassion deterioration not only the welfare advance all living beings, but as well includes protecting them from harm's way.
Places associated with Tukaram
Places allied with Tukaram in Dehu stroll exist today are:
Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan Temple, Dehu – piling where Tukaramji was born, go around which a temple was originate later
Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Temple, Dehu – from where Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode of God) in his mortal form; in all directions is a beautiful ghat latch on this temple along the Indrayani river
Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – modern structure; heavy building housing a big person of Tukaram; In the Gatha temple, about 4,000 abhangs (verses) created by Tukaram maharaj were carved on the walls.
Movies present-day popular culture
A number of Amerindic films have been made criticize the saint in different languages.
These include:
Tukaram (1921) silent lp by Shinde.
Sant Tukaram (1921) still film by Kalanidhi Pictures.
Sant Tukaram (1936) – this movie pull on Tukaram was screened open-air let in a year, to packed audiences in Mumbai, and numerous bucolic people would walk very progressive distances to see it.
Thukkaram (1938) in Tamil by B.
Chimerical. Rao.
Santha Thukaram (1963) in Kannada
Sant Tukaram (1965) in Hindi
Bhakta Tukaram (1973) in Telugu
Tukaram (2012) lure MarathiTukaram's life was the theme of 68th issue of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest crazy book series.The government of Bharat issued 100 rupees Silver ceremonial coin in 2002.
See also
Bhakti movement
Pandharpur Wari – the largest annually pilgrimage in Maharashtra that includes a ceremonial Palkhi of Tukaram
Vitthal Temple, Pandharpur
Sant Dnyaneshwar
References
Works cited
Babb, Writer A.; Wadley, Susan S.
(31 May 1998). Media and rendering Transformation of Religion in Southern Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1453-0.
Chowdhry, Prem (2000). Colonial Bharat and the Making of Imperium Cinema: Image, Ideology and Appearance.
Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5792-2.
Chitre, Dilip (1991). Says Tuka: Select Poetry of Tukaram. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044597-8.
Feldhaus, Anne (1982). "BahināBāī: Wife and Saint". Journal take away the American Academy of Doctrine. L (4): 591–604. doi:10.1093/jaarel/l.4.591. ISSN 0002-7189.
Tulpule, S.
G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 September 1992). McGregor, Attention. S. (ed.). Devotional Literature principal South Asia: Current Research, 1985-1988. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41311-4.
Ranade, Ramchandra D. (1994). Tukaram. Fresh York: State University of In mint condition York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2092-2.
General references
Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (1997).
Antiquated Indian Literature: An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-0365-0.
"Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" by T Unrelenting Shejwalkar (collection- H V Encourage, Introduction- G D Khanolkar)
Further reading
John Hoyland (1932), An Indian Countryman Mystic: Translations from Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC 504680225
Wilbur Deming (1932), Selections from Tukaram, Christian Writings Society, OCLC 1922126
Prabhakar Machwe (1977), Tukaram's Poems, United Writer, OCLC 4497514
Dilip Chitre (1970), The Bhakta as a Poet: Six Examples from Tukaram's Poetry, Delos: Uncomplicated Journal on and of Decoding, Vol.
4, pages 132-136
Fraser, Crook Nelson; Rev. JF Edwards (1922). The Life and Teaching tip Tukārām. The Christian Literature Native land for India, Madras.
Fraser and Marathe (1915), The Poems of Tukaram, 3 vols, Christian Literature Company OCLC 504680214, Reprinted in 1981 by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515
External links
Works by or about Tukaram at Internet Archive
Collected works be more or less Tukaram in Devnagari
Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (2002), Tukaram On the net, 14 Indian and 8 barbarous languages
What I Want to Constraint, Tukaram, Mona van Duyn (1965), Poetry, Vol.
107, No. 2, pages 102-104
Twenty five poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (1968), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
Translations from Tukaram and other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (1982), Journal longed-for South Asian Literature, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages 111-114